Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
Summary
- Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve.
- It has been estimated that 230 individuals from four communities occur in the site.
- The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 147 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
- Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.
Site characteristics
The site is located in the Albertine Rift in western Uganda. Kalinzu Forest Reserve has over 414 tree species including shrubs, several primates, including chimpanzees, blue monkeys, vervet monkeys, baboons, black and white colobus monkeys, more than 380 bird species, as well as hundreds of moth and butterfly species (Uganda Parks n.d.). The reserve is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Maramagambo Forest. It lies at an average altitude of 1,400 m above sea level (Uganda Parks n.d.).
Table 1. Basic site information for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Area | 147 km² |
| Coordinates | -0.416007 S, 30.060209 E |
| Designation | Forest Reserve |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest |
Ape status
At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii | Unknown | 2.0-4.7 | Kalinzu Forest | Line transects (Distance) | Hashimoto 1995 | ||||
| Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii | 2004 | 1.67 | Kalinzu Forest | Line transects (Distance) | Plumptre & Cox 2006 | Survey effort: 311 km |
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Unknown | ||||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Unknown | ||||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Unknown | ||||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Unknown | ||||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High | Between May 2005 to June 2006, 1022 snares and 136 live traps were removed (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). | Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). | Ongoing (2007) |
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Unknown | ||||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Unknown | ||||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Unknown | ||||
| 9. Pollution | Unknown | ||||
| 10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
| 11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
| 12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities
Table 4. Conservation activities in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Not reported | ||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Not reported | ||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Not reported | ||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Not reported | ||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares | A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). | Ongoing (2007) |
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Not reported | ||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Not reported | ||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Not reported | ||
| 9. Pollution | Not reported | ||
| 10. Education & Awareness | Not reported | ||
| 11. Habitat Protection | Not reported | ||
| 12. Species Management | 12.1. Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers etc. | Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). | Ongoing (2007) |
| 13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | 13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site | Chimpanzee trekking and other activities are offered at the site (Uganda Parks n.d.). | Ongoing |
Challenges
Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Challenge | Source |
|---|---|
| Lack of law enforcement | (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007) |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Ant dipping | Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000 |
| Meat eating | Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000 |
External links
Uganda Parks
National Forestry Authority
Relevant datasets
References
Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T. & Tashiro, Y. (2000) Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the Kalinzu forest, uganda. Primates 41, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557466
Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10.
Hashimoto, C. (1995) Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates 36, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382870
Plumptre, A. J. and Cox, D. 2006. Counting primates for conser-vation: primate surveys in Uganda. – Primates 47: 65–73.
Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date:18/12/2021