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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − − − − − = Site characteristics = + − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.+ − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> − − − − = Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results --> − − − − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). + + − + − + − + Line 72:
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Line 78: − + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below. − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 107:
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Line 181: + + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+ − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 270:
Line 260: + − + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities. − − − − − − − + − − − + − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − − + − + − + − + − + + − − <br> − − + + + + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
-->
-->
[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Oluwa Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Oluwa Forest Reserve.
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* It has been estimated that XXXXX (CI: XXXX-XXXX) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable/unknown/increasing/decreasing.
* Ape taxa present
* The site has a total size of XXXX km².
* Ape population size
* Key threats to SPECIES NAME are XXXXX.
* Ape population trend
* Conservation activities have focused on XXXXXX.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* OPTIONAL: SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
* Key threats to apes are ...
* Additional information
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|678 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|XXX N, XXX W
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|Forest Reserve
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical low moist forest, plantations
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In 2006, chimpanzees and signs of chimpanzees (nests and vocalizations) were observed by the Owena river in the core area of the reserve (Greengrass 2006). Similarly, in 2012 the distribution of chimpanzees was confined to the core area of the reserve (segment OA2), encompassing approximately 39.22 km², or 5.78% of the total forest reserve (Ogunjemite & Olaniyi 2012). The population trend is unknown.
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2006
|
|
|
|
|Present
|Oluwa Forest Reserve
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Greengrass 2006
|Reconnaissance walk. Nests and individuals were seen in the core area of the reserve.Vocalizations and nests also observed.
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2011-2012
|
|
|
|
|
|Present
|
|Oluwa Forest Reserve
|
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|
|Ogunjemite & Olaniyi 2012
|Reconnaissance walk. The study recorded 9.50 ± 1.55 individuals and 13 nests. Vocalizations and footprints were also documented.
|
|
|}
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|
|
|Cultivation began from the outer edges of the reserve; only the core area has some natural forest left (Greengrass 2006, Ogunjemite & Olayimi 2012).
|
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|
|Hunting is a major threat in the area; several gunshots were heard during a survey in 2006 (Greengrass 2006, Ogunjemite & Olayimi 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|
|
|Logging activity on the eastern side of the Owena River, where chimpanzees were observed (Greengrass 2006).
|
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Together with Omo and Shasha forest reserves, Oluwa is part of the Omo-Shasha-Oluwa project, implemented by the Nigerian Conservation Foundation, which aims to connect the three areas (PNI 2011). Although Omo and Shasha reserves are connected, Oluwa forest is isolated. The plan is to manage the Omo-Shasha-Oluwa areas as a wildlife sanctuary and permit human use where it is compatible with forest conservation. Other conservation activities included in the plan are the re-gazettement of forest reserve areas, community development, environmental education, research, eco-tourism, and long-term financing through REDD carbon credits (PNI 2011). Further information on the advancement of these activities has not been reported.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A new nesting behavior was observed in the Oluwa Forest Reserve chimpanzee population during a survey in 2011-2012 (Ogunjemite & Olaniyi 2012). The majority of nests were built on rock platforms, perhaps due to the absence of tree species that are usually used for nesting (Ogunjemite & Olaniyi 2012).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Oluwa Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Making ground nests
|
|Ogunjemite & Olaniyi 2012
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
===Relevant datasets===
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. <br>
Ogunjemite, B.G. and Olaniyi, O.E. (2012), “The chimpanzees of Oluwa Forest
Reserve, southwest Nigeria”, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp.
823-833. <br>
Pro-Natura International. (2011), Project Progress Report for the International Elephant Foundation January 2010 – May 2011. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki''' Date:''' 19/11/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->