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Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (view source)

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') & mountain gorillas (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') are present in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
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* It has been estimated that 459 gorillas occur in the site; the chimpanzee population size is unknown.
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* The gorilla population trend is increasing.
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* The site has a total size of 321 km².
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* Key threats to great apes are linked to high human presence, which poses some risk of disturbance and disease transmission.
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* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism programs and regularly monitoring the health of habituated gorillas.
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* The park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site.
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
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Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is located in southwestern Uganda, on the edge of the Albertine Rift Valley. The area is one of Uganda's oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests, which dates back over 25,000 years ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). Encompassing a series of steep ridges and valleys, Bwindi is the source of five major rivers, which flow into Lake Edward. The park is famous for being home to almost half of the world's mountain gorilla population ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). The site is a designated Important Bird Area, with 347 bird species documented in the forest, including 23 endemic species to the Albertine Rift (BirdLife International 2020). Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/ UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site]) in 1994.
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'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
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|321 km²
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|-
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|Coordinates
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| -1.017254 S, 29.671192 E
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|-
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|Designation
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|National Park
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|-
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|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
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|Subtropical/tropical montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
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= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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The park is home to one of the two subpopulations of mountain gorillas in the world, the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulation (Hickey et al. 2018). Increases in both the Virunga Massif and the Bwindi-Sarambwe subpopulations led to a change in the IUCN Red List classification from Critically Endangered to Endangered in 2018 (Hickey et al. 2018). In spite of this increase, the overall population size is still small.
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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! Species
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! Year
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! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
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! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
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! Encounter rate (nests/km)
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! Area
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! Method
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! Source
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! Comments
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! A.P.E.S. database ID
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|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|1997
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|292
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|
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|
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|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|McNeilage et al. 2001
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|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
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|
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|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2002
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|320
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|
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|
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|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|McNeilage et al. 2006
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|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
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|
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|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2011
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|400
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|
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|
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|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
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|Genetic capture-recapture
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|Roy et al. 2014
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|
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|
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|-
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|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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|2018
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|459
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|
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|
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|Bwindi-Sarambwe ecosystem
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|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
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|Hickey et al. 2018
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|Sweep method, with high density of reconnaissance trails covering the forest.
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|
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|}
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
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!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
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!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
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|Low
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|
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|Poaching as a non-target species; e.g., as a result of infant gorilla trafficking, snares are set up for other animals. Retaliatory killings are rare. Habituated gorillas are more vulnerable to poachers (Hickey et al. 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Human presence due to tourism, conservation and scientific work, camps for security forces, etc., all of which pose some risk of disturbance and disease transmission (Hickey et al. 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|
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|High
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|
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|Vulnerability to human pathogens, and outbreaks of respiratory virus diseases and gastrointestinal parasite infections (Hickey et al. 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|10. Geological Events
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|
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|Absent
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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| 11. Climate change & severe weather
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|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Increased temperatures and modified rainfall patterns likely to cause changes in food availability and habitat quality (Hickey et al. 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
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|-
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|12. Other options
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|12.1 Other threat
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|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|
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|Bwindi gorillas appear to crop-raid because of the availability of palatable foods at the
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edge of the park, not due to a lack of dietary items in the park (Hickey et al. 2018).
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|Ongoing (2018)
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|-
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|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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The site is managed by the Uganda Wildlife Authority. The management of the site has developed ecotourism programs that support the livelihoods of local communities ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/ UNESCO]). Nine groups have been habituated for tourism; the first one was the Mubare gorilla group, since 1993. [https://ctph.org/gorilla-conservation-program/ Conservation Through Public Health] work on reducing human-gorilla conflicts in and around the park, and avoiding the transmission of diseases.
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'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
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!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
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!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
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|-
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|1. Residential & commercial development
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|3. Energy production & mining
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|4. Transportation & service corridors
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|5. Biological resource use
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|7. Natural system modifications
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|9. Pollution
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|10. Education & Awareness
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|Not reported
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|
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|
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|-
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|11. Habitat Protection
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|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
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|The site was declared a National Park in 1991.
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|12. Species Management
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|12.3. Guard habituated primate groups to ensure their safety/well-being
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|The ([https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/where-we-work/ Gorilla Doctors]) who work at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park regularly monitor the health of habituated gorillas.
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
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|
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|Ongoing
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|-
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|}
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[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
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= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
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'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
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!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
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!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
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|-
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|}
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= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
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[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320708004175 Counting elusive animals: Comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
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[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043351.20129.44 Dietary Variability of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda] <br>
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[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320709003139 Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas] <br>
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[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024689008159 Behavioral Ecology of Sympatric Chimpanzees and Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Diet] <br>
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[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.20539?casa_token=mxACZkqVXJMAAAAA:Po9D13Yk0RUvIc7Pmr_2hYFj3M_jNe1q062O-HpsOef6NB1tm1ML_ngZJGckxIqgzXN8GmDSSAXhQ1A9 Sleeping tree choice by Bwindi chimpanzees] <br>
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===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
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!align="left"|Behavior
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!Source
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|-
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|Not reported
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|
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|-
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|}
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=External links=
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[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/ UNESCO Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]<br>
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[https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]<br>
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[https://www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com/ Bwindi Forest National Park in Uganda]<br>
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===Relevant datasets===
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[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
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= References =
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BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020. <br>
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Hickey, J.R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K.V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M.M. & Stoinski, T.S. (2018). Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T39999A17989719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39999A17989719.en <br>
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Roy, J., Vigilant, L., Gray, M., Wright, E., Kato, R., Kabano, P., Basabose, A., Tibenda, E., Kühl, H.S. and Robbins, M.M. (2014). Challenges in the use of genetic mark-recapture to estimate the population size of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Biological Conservation 180: 249–261 <br>
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McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla census 1997. Oryx, 35(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00154.x <br>
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McNeilage, A., Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri, G., & Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001311 <br>
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'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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