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Semenggoh Nature Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 11:31, 29 October 2021
, 11:31, 29 October 2021Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 6.53 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are habitat encroachment and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak (SFC n.d.). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily (SFC n.d.). In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds (SFC n.d.).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|6.53 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.392031 N, 110.299506 E
|-
|Designation
|Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2016
|27
|
|
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
|Full count
|Tisen & Silang 2016
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (Ali 2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. Since the year 2000, Semenggoh Wildlife Centre has been used for the quarantine and transit of wildlife before being sent to Matang. The wildlife centre is still active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Every month, rangers spend entire nights in the reserve to ward off poachers. Sometimes, they also use drones to help them patrol the area (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|Ongoing
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|1975-2000
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|Ongoing
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/<br>
Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.<br>
Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/ <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 29/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 6.53 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are habitat encroachment and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak (SFC n.d.). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily (SFC n.d.). In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds (SFC n.d.).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|6.53 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.392031 N, 110.299506 E
|-
|Designation
|Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2016
|27
|
|
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
|Full count
|Tisen & Silang 2016
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (Ali 2021)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. Since the year 2000, Semenggoh Wildlife Centre has been used for the quarantine and transit of wildlife before being sent to Matang. The wildlife centre is still active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Every month, rangers spend entire nights in the reserve to ward off poachers. Sometimes, they also use drones to help them patrol the area (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|Ongoing
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|1975-2000
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC n.d.]).
|Ongoing
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/<br>
Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.<br>
Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/ <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 29/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->