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Line 19: − <div><ul>+ − <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Sumatran orangutan in Leuser Perry van Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right |Sumatran orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li> − <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Female_orangutan_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right | Female orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li> − <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Flanged_male_Sumatran_orangutan_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right |Flanged male Sumatran orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li> − </ul></div> Line 41:
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Line 79: − Key threats to orangutans at the Leuser Ecosystem include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and the illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). New roads are continuously being cut through the habitat. In addition to habitat encroachment, palm oil concessions, and new hydro electric schemes and geothermal energy plants are proposed in critical areas ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). As a by-product of land-conversion and increased proximity to humans, orangutans are sometimes killed due to human-wildlife conflict situations, for example, when orangutans raid farmlands (Singleton et al. 2018). −
no edit summary
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
[[File: Forest_view_in_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | Forest view in Leuser Ecosystem © Perry van Duijnhoven]]
[[File: Forest_view_in_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Forest view in Leuser Ecosystem © Perry van Duijnhoven]]
* Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'') are present in the Leuser Ecosystem.
* Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'') are present in the Leuser Ecosystem.
* It has been estimated that 13,846 (CI: 11,561-16,805) individuals occur in the site.
* It has been estimated that 13,846 (CI: 11,561-16,805) individuals occur in the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra, at the northernmost tip of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area is extremely rich in biodiversity; more than 200 mammal species, 580 bird species, and an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera, can be found at the Leuser Ecosystem. Within Leuser, the coastal peat swamp forests of Tripa, Kluet, and Trumon-Singkil harbour the highest densities of orangutans. In addition to Sumatran orangutans, the Leuser Ecosystem is also home to the last remaining viable populations of Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, and Sumatran elephants ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/distribution/ Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme]). The Leuser Ecosystem is designated as a National Strategic Area for its environmental function. This designation does not exclude non-forest uses, but stresses the importance of sustainable management (Singleton et al. 2018). The Gunung Leuser National Park is found within the Leuser Ecosystem, which is also designated a Man and Biosphere Reserve, and is part of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Cluster Site by UNESCO (Singleton et al. 2018). The park supports only 25.3% of Sumatra’s Orangutans. Also within the Leuser Ecosystem, is the 1,025 km² Singkil Swamps Wildlife Reserve (Singleton et al. 2018).
The site is located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra, at the northernmost tip of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area is extremely rich in biodiversity; more than 200 mammal species, 580 bird species, and an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera, can be found at the Leuser Ecosystem. Within Leuser, the coastal peat swamp forests of Tripa, Kluet, and Trumon-Singkil harbour the highest densities of orangutans. In addition to Sumatran orangutans, the Leuser Ecosystem is also home to the last remaining viable populations of Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, and Sumatran elephants ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/distribution/ Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme]). The Leuser Ecosystem is designated as a National Strategic Area for its environmental function. This designation does not exclude non-forest uses, but stresses the importance of sustainable management (Singleton et al. 2018). The Gunung Leuser National Park is found within the Leuser Ecosystem, which is also designated a Man and Biosphere Reserve, and is part of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Cluster Site by UNESCO (Singleton et al. 2018). The park supports only 25.3% of Sumatra’s Orangutans. Also within the Leuser Ecosystem, is the 1,025 km² Singkil Swamps Wildlife Reserve (Singleton et al. 2018).
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Sumatran orangutan in Leuser Perry van Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right |Sumatran orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Female_orangutan_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right | Female orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Flanged_male_Sumatran_orangutan_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.JPG | 300px | thumb| right |Flanged male Sumatran orangutan © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Key threats to orangutans at the Leuser Ecosystem include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and the illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). New roads are continuously being cut through the habitat. In addition to habitat encroachment, palm oil concessions, and new hydro electric schemes and geothermal energy plants are proposed in critical areas ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). As a by-product of land-conversion and increased proximity to humans, orangutans are sometimes killed due to human-wildlife conflict situations, for example, when orangutans raid farmlands (Singleton et al. 2018).
<div><ul>
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Deforestation_for_small_scale_agriculture_in_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Deforestation for small scale agiriculture © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Deforestation_for_small_scale_agriculture_in_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Deforestation for small scale agiriculture © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Small_scale_logging_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Small-scale logging © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Small_scale_logging_Leuser_Perry_van_Duijnhoven.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |Small-scale logging © Perry van Duijnhoven]] </li>
</ul></div>
</ul></div>
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Leuser Ecosystem'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"