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- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.
* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[Image:marahoue.jpg|left|thumb|Marahoué National Park]]
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou. Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1,010 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|7.11 N, -6.02 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1990
|1407 (weaned)
|1.64
|15.6
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|Marchesi et al. 1995
|Total survey effort: 15 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|< 50
|
|0.01
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|N’Goran et al. 2006
|Total survey effort: 154.5 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2007
|< 50
|
|0.03
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
|Total survey effort: 167.5 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|0
|
|0
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2012
|Total survey effort: 36.9 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1. Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|High
|
|especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|2.3. Livestock Farming & Ranching
|Low
|
|signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1. Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|poaching widespread (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded. The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Corruption
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of government support
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of human resources
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of technical means
|Denis 2015
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881<br>
Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).<br>
Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.<br>
N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.<br>
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/722 www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 16/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Marahoué National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are now extirpated in Marahoué National Park.
* This site has a total size of 1,010 km².
* Chimpanzees are extirpated due to hunting and large-scale deforestation driven by the expansion of agricultural areas.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[Image:marahoue.jpg|left|thumb|Marahoué National Park]]
Marahoué National Park (IUCN category: II) was established in 1968 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). It covers an area of 1010 km2 and is located in the central Côte d´Ivoire in the Bouafle region near Lake Kossou. Marahoué NP is 275 km (170 miles) northwest of Abidjan. Marahoué NP is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). The park consists of two ecological zones: close forest in the south-west of the park and savanna in the north-eastern part. In a survey in 2007 signs of different mammal and bird species were found, including forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''). However, the park is strongly affected by illegal activities, especially forest clearing for cocoa plantations and poaching, and the current status of the biodiversity is unknown (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1,010 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|7.11 N, -6.02 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/ tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, plantations
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') population in Marahoué National Park was first estimated at 1407 individuals by Marchesi et al. (1995). However, due to the relatively small number of transects surveyed, large uncertainties are associated with this estimate. In 2007, a survey that covered 167.5 km of systematically located transects across the entire park yielded a conservative population estimate of fewer than 50 individuals (N´Goran et al. 2007). In 2012, a rapid assessment was conducted by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation [https://www.wildchimps.org WCF] in collaboration with Afrique Nature, and no signs of chimpanzees were found.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1990
|1407 (weaned)
|1.64
|15.6
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|Marchesi et al. 1995
|Total survey effort: 15 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|< 50
|
|0.01
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|N’Goran et al. 2006
|Total survey effort: 154.5 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2007
|< 50
|
|0.03
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|N’Goran et al. 2007, Campbell et al. 2008
|Total survey effort: 167.5 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|0
|
|0
|entire area
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2012
|Total survey effort: 36.9 km
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Marahoué National Park has lost 93% of its forest cover between 2002 and 2008, which may be directly linked to the civil unrest prevailing in the country since 2002 (Campbell et al. 2008). Deforestation was many driven clearing land for agriculture using fires, especially for cocoa plantations, and illegal logging (Campbell et al. 2008, N’Goran et al. 2006, N’Goran et al. 2007, WCF 2012). In addition, the presence of people in the park and illegal hunting of chimpanzees likely caused the extinction of chimpanzees in Marahoué NP (Struhsaker and Bakarr 1999, Denis 2015).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1. Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|presence of people in the park, campsites and small villages (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|High
|
|especially cocoa plantations (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|2.3. Livestock Farming & Ranching
|Low
|
|signs of cattle grazing (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1. Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|presence of illegal paths, roads and vehicles (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|poaching widespread (WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no conservation activities are implemented.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not applicable
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
Denis (2015) conducted a comprehensive study into why Marahoué National Park degraded. The study was based on interviews with different stakeholders in Marahoué National Park and pointed out that already since its creation in 1968 farmers were present in the park and in 1990 13% of the park was occupied by people, and this percentage has grown steadily since (Denis 2015). Government support for maintaining the protective status of Marahoué was weak and inconsistent. There is also widespread corruption and a lack of technical means as well as human resources to ensure law enforcement (Denis 2015).
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Corruption
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of government support
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of human resources
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Denis 2015
|-
|Lack of technical means
|Denis 2015
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
As chimpanzees are extirpated from Marahoué National Park no research is conducted on chimpanzees.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Marahoué National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Denis G. 2015. Le parc de la Marahoué : de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation. European Scientific Journal March 11(8): 1857-7881<br>
Campbell G et al. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology 18(19).<br>
Marchesi P et al. 1995. Census and Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire. Primates 36(4): 591-607.<br>
N’Goran KP et al. 2007. Résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Marahoué (mai 2006 – décembre 2006). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
N’Goran KP et al. 2008. Résultats importants des activités de biomonitoring au Parc National de la Marahoué (mai 2007 – novembre 2007). Unpublished report. WCF/OIPR. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
Struhsaker TT, Bakarr MI. 1999. A rapid survey of primates and other large mammals in Marahoue National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. In: Schulenberg TS et al. (eds.) Une Evaluation Biologique du Parc National de la Marahoué Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.<br>
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/722 www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
WCF. 2012. Annual report 2012 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 16/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>