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Ziama Biosphere Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 11:03, 14 January 2020
, 11:03, 14 January 2020no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
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* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur in the reserve.
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is not known.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1,162 km².
* This site has a total size of 1,162 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.
* The following conservation activities are on-going: law-enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.
* The following conservation activities are ongoing: law enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.
* Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.
* Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.
In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo (Bakarr et al. 2001). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') population is the last population in Guinea ([forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2018). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species ([http://www.wildchimps.org WCF 2012]). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea.
In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo (Bakarr et al. 2001). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') population is the last population in Guinea ([forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2018). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species ([http://www.wildchimps.org WCF 2012]). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea.
Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km2, a buffer zone of 272.3 km2, and a transition area of 463.9 km2 (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km2 in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).
Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km2, a buffer zone of 272.3 km2, and a transition area of 463.9 km2 (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km2 in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1,161.70 km²
|1,162 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
| 8.28 N, -9.34 W
|8.28 N, -9.34 W
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Classified forest
|Classified Forest
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).
Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|1988
|50
|50
|
|
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|2012
|< 20
|< 20
|
|
|0.04
|0.04
|Ziama forest
|Ziama forest
|Line transects (Distance)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation 2012
|WCF 2012
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation [10]
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
|
|
|}
|}
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|Illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018)
|Illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018)
|Ongoing (2012, 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (1998, 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|-
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|Unknown
|Absent
|
|
|
|
The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).
The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|Lack of technical means
|Lack of technical means
|METT 2009
|METT 2009
|}
|}
From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).
From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|}
|}
===Relevant datasets===
===Relevant datasets===
= References =
= References =
AFEF. 2017. African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ forestelephants.org] <br>
AFEF. 2017. African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ forestelephants.org]<br>
Bakarr M et al. 2001. in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International <br>
Bakarr M et al. 2001. in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International<br>
BirdLife International. 2018. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375 www.birdlife.org] <br>
BirdLife International. 2018. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375 www.birdlife.org]<br>
Brugière D, Kormos R. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847 <br>
Brugière D, Kormos R. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847<br>
FFI. 2018. Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online: [www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve www.fauna-flora.org] <br>
FFI. 2018. Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online: [www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve www.fauna-flora.org]<br>
Ham R. 1998. Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea <br>
Ham R. 1998. Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea<br>
METT. 2009. Management Effectiveness Evaluations – Forêt Classée de Ziama. Online: [https://papaco.org/guinea/ papaco.org] <br>
METT. 2009. Management Effectiveness Evaluations – Forêt Classée de Ziama. Online: [https://papaco.org/guinea/ papaco.org]<br>
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG. 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574 <br>
Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG. 1988. Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Population of Chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates, 29(4):569-574<br>
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest www.protectedplanet.net] <br>
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest www.protectedplanet.net]<br>
UNESCO MAB. 2007. UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 www.unesco.org] <br>
UNESCO MAB. 2007. UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 www.unesco.org]<br>
WCF. 2012. Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org www.wildchimps.org] <br>
WCF. 2012. Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org www.wildchimps.org]<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 11/2018 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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