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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_Corridor_SNPandGKNP_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Corridor linking Sapo National Park (SNP) and Grebo-Krahn National Park (GKNP) (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|5.55, 7.78~[[Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in the corridor linking SNP and GKNP.
* It has been estimated that 533 (CI: 248-1,147) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* This proposed corridor after the 2019 survey has a total size of 1260.35 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, mining and logging.
* The area represents a potential corridor to link two highly valuable and fully protected areas in Liberia; it also makes up a significant portion of the Tai-Grebo-Krahn-Sapo (TGKS) corridor complex. The corridor partially falls into the Sapo-Grebo Corridor Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and the Grebo Important Bird Area (IBA).
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is a proposed corridor to link two national parks (Sapo and Grebo-Krahn National Parks). It is located in the south-east of Liberia in River-Gee county. It hosts threatened species, such as the pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'' and Jentink’s duiker ''Cephalophus jentinki'', (WCF 2015, 2019), as well as the red colobus ''Piliocolobus badius'' and the lowland Bongo ''Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus'' (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1260.35 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|5.55 N, 7.78 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed ecological corridor
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Rural gardens, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Shrubland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Two line transect surveys were carried out across the corridor by the WCF in collaboration with the FDA (WCF 2015, 2019). According to the results of these surveys, the chimpanzee density decreased significantly in this area from 2015-2019 (Tweh pers. comm. 2019).
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|688 (354- 1,328)
|0.401
|3.69
|Proposed corridor linking SNP and GKNP
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2015
|Survey effort was 103.17 km; nests, feeding signs and vocalizations recorded
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2019
|533 (248- 1,147)
|0.146
|0.78
|Proposed corridor linking SNP and GKNP
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2019
|Survey effort was 145.25 km; nests, feeding signs and vocalizations recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The teams of the nationwide survey (Tweh et al. 2014) found many poaching signs in the south eastern part of the corridor, including used cartridges, snares and poaching trails (Junker unpubl.). It has been observed that wood used for chewing sticks is collected around illegal camps (Tweh pers. obs.). Additionally, a large part of the corridor falls into a ratified logging concession (Junker et al. 2015) and a smaller proportion overlaps with illegally issued Private-Use Permits (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging license designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold and other base metals owned by Planet Minerals Ltd. and iron ore owned by Jonah Capital (BVI) Liberia Ltd. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting
|Medium
|Encounter rate: 2.8 hunting signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Hunting signs include: gunshots, cartridges, traps, poacher’s trails, poacher’s camp
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & Wood Harvesting
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Wildlife and human demography and social surveys have been conducted at the site (WCF 2015, 2019).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= References =
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
WCF 2015, Final report: Survey of wildlife and anthropogenic threats in the Grebo-Krahn Corridor, south- eastern Liberia. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
WCF 2019, Final report: Survey of wildlife and anthropogenic threats in the Grebo-Krahn Corridor, south- eastern Liberia. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 06/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_Corridor_SNPandGKNP_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Corridor linking Sapo National Park (SNP) and Grebo-Krahn National Park (GKNP) (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|5.55, 7.78~[[Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in the corridor linking SNP and GKNP.
* It has been estimated that 533 (CI: 248-1,147) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* This proposed corridor after the 2019 survey has a total size of 1260.35 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, mining and logging.
* The area represents a potential corridor to link two highly valuable and fully protected areas in Liberia; it also makes up a significant portion of the Tai-Grebo-Krahn-Sapo (TGKS) corridor complex. The corridor partially falls into the Sapo-Grebo Corridor Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and the Grebo Important Bird Area (IBA).
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is a proposed corridor to link two national parks (Sapo and Grebo-Krahn National Parks). It is located in the south-east of Liberia in River-Gee county. It hosts threatened species, such as the pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'' and Jentink’s duiker ''Cephalophus jentinki'', (WCF 2015, 2019), as well as the red colobus ''Piliocolobus badius'' and the lowland Bongo ''Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus'' (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1260.35 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|5.55 N, 7.78 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed ecological corridor
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Rural gardens, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Shrubland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Two line transect surveys were carried out across the corridor by the WCF in collaboration with the FDA (WCF 2015, 2019). According to the results of these surveys, the chimpanzee density decreased significantly in this area from 2015-2019 (Tweh pers. comm. 2019).
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|688 (354- 1,328)
|0.401
|3.69
|Proposed corridor linking SNP and GKNP
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2015
|Survey effort was 103.17 km; nests, feeding signs and vocalizations recorded
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2019
|533 (248- 1,147)
|0.146
|0.78
|Proposed corridor linking SNP and GKNP
|Line transects (Distance)
|WCF 2019
|Survey effort was 145.25 km; nests, feeding signs and vocalizations recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The teams of the nationwide survey (Tweh et al. 2014) found many poaching signs in the south eastern part of the corridor, including used cartridges, snares and poaching trails (Junker unpubl.). It has been observed that wood used for chewing sticks is collected around illegal camps (Tweh pers. obs.). Additionally, a large part of the corridor falls into a ratified logging concession (Junker et al. 2015) and a smaller proportion overlaps with illegally issued Private-Use Permits (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging license designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold and other base metals owned by Planet Minerals Ltd. and iron ore owned by Jonah Capital (BVI) Liberia Ltd. (Johnson 2015). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration (Wilson et al. 2017).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting
|Medium
|Encounter rate: 2.8 hunting signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Hunting signs include: gunshots, cartridges, traps, poacher’s trails, poacher’s camp
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & Wood Harvesting
|Low
|Encounter rate: 0.5 human signs/km surveyed (WCF 2019)
|Human signs include: artisanal mining/gold washing sites, signs of logging, pit sawing, mining prospection holes, hamlet by miners, farming
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Wildlife and human demography and social surveys have been conducted at the site (WCF 2015, 2019).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sapo-Grebo-Krahn corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= References =
Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
WCF 2015, Final report: Survey of wildlife and anthropogenic threats in the Grebo-Krahn Corridor, south- eastern Liberia. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
WCF 2019, Final report: Survey of wildlife and anthropogenic threats in the Grebo-Krahn Corridor, south- eastern Liberia. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation]<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 06/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>