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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
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1) Table structure cannot be changed.
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3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Tayna Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|-0.346968, 28.933953~[[Tayna Nature Reserve]]~Eastern Chimpanzee, Grauer’s Gorilla
}}
</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) & Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) are present in Tayna Nature Reserve.
* The population estimates are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 900 km².
* Key threats to great apes include subsistence hunting, expansion of land for agriculture, wood harvesting, and artisanal mining.
* Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, gorilla rehabilitation and reintroduction, and conservation education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[File: Gorilla and infant_Tayna_GRACE.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Gorilla adult with infant © GRACE]]
Tayna Nature Reserve is located in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, within the transition zone between lowland forests and the Congo river to the west, and the Albertine Rift to the east ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]). The reserve is not only important as one of the last strongholds for the critically endangered Gauer's gorilla, but it also sustains a wide species diversity, including endemic species. In addition the Grauer's gorilla and eastern chimpanzees, other species of conservation concern present at the site include owl faced monkeys, L'Hoest's monkeys, golden cats, Ruwenzori leopards, giant pangolins, forest elephants, aardvarks, red river hogs, giant forest hogs, and okapis (Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003). The reserve was identified by Plumptre et al. (2016) as one of four priority areas for the conservation of Grauer's gorilla outside of national parks within the entire Albertine Rift.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|900 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|-0.346968, 28.933953
|-
|Designation
|Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Tayna holds one of the most important gorilla populations and represents a priority site for conservation efforts (Plumptre et al. 2015a, Maldonado et al. 2012). Survey information has been very limited in the past due to insecurity in the region. In 2012, a survey was halted after only a few days due to unresolved conflict between the Reserve and the survey team. In 2021, the first survey to cover the entire reserve was conducted. Survey teams recorded 305 gorillas nests, 280 chimpanzee nests, and 25 signs of other animals, including 5 species of monkeys, pangolin, forest buffalo, African grey parrot, leopard, and a single Okapi footprint (Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021).
The gorilla population at Tayna is also considered a priority in terms of the preservation of genetic diversity (Valk et al. 2018). Based on historical museum specimens and modern faecal samples, Grauer's gorilla populations have experienced a rapid loss of genetic diversity. This decline is attributed to the loss of peripheral populations rather than a decrease in genetic diversity in the core range of the species (Valk et al. 2018). Tayna is located at the northeastern extreme of the Grauer landscape, potentially representing a unique genetic profile.
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2001-2002
|450
|1.00
|
|Tayna Gorilla Reserve
|Identification and analysis of traces (tracks, droppings,knuckle prints, hair), and nest counts
|Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2012
|185-210
|
|
|906 sq km, Tayna Nature Reserve
|Monitoring data, transects, and partial count based on Nixon & Buckley 2006, Nixon unpubl. data as cited by Plumptre et al. 2015b
|Plumptre et al. 2015b
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2011-2015
|541 (121-2414)
|0.289
|
|1869 sq km, Tayna-Kisimba-Ikobo
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and line transect survey
|Plumptre et al. 2016
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2021
|
|
|Present
|Tayna Nature Reserve 900 sq km
|Fast transect method (survey team swept a 100-metre-wide corridor looking for animal prints, food remains, dung and nests.
|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2021
|
|
|Present
|Tayna Nature Reserve 900 sq km
|Fast transect method (survey team swept a 100-metre-wide corridor looking for animal prints, food remains, dung and nests.
|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The socioeconomic depression arising from over a decade of civil war placed enormous pressure on the forest resources and fauna in the region (Plumptre et al. 2015b). In addition, since 1996, the entire Grauer's gorilla range has been consumed in conflict, resulting in a breakdown of wildlife protection activities. Key ongoing threats at the site include agricultural expansion (Ayebare et al. 2018), subsistence hunting and wood harvesting, and mining (Plumptre et al. 2015b, Plumptre et al. 2016).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Subsistence agriculture ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|
|Artisanal mining for minerals such as cassiterite, gold and coltan (Plumptre et al. 2015b).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022). Furthermore, several gorillas were killed (and an infant captured) in the Tayna Nature Reserve between 2004 and 2007, as reported by Nixon, S. (Plumptre et al. 2015b).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|1.57% forest loss within the reserve between 2000 and 2018. Considering a 5 km buffer zone around the reserve shows 5.06% forest loss in the same time period ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|Logging for local subsistence, e.g., gathering fuelwood, timber harvesting for construction (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022, GRACE 2021).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Ebola outbreak that lasted 18 months, not directly inside the reserve, but in eastern DRC ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|2017-2019
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Since the late 1990s community leaders have led an effort to protect the area; in fact, the site was created from land donated by community members ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). By protecting the land, local communities aimed to prevent the loss of local forests, wildlife, and sacred cultural sites to agricultural expansion and commercial cattle ranchers ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). The site was officially declared the Tayna Nature Reserve in 2006 by the government of DRC. The reserve is managed by the community in partnership with the Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) center, and the ICCN.
Conservation activities at the reserve are divided into four main strategies: 1) Gorilla rehabilitation, 2) Gorilla conservation (reintroduction of rehabilitated gorillas back into the wild), 3) Conservation education, and 4) Community engagement, e.g., assisting local communities with finding sustainable solutions for co-existing with wildlife, promoting local conservation leadership and building pride ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|GRACE supports domestic livestock initiatives started by local women’s groups, including a guinea pig program (https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|GRACE provides conservation education programs with schoolchildren and local communities ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|Extensive training of local community members to lead field data collection, e.g., monitoring gorillas and other wildlife, as well as human activity signs in the reserve (GRACE 2021).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions
|Conservation outreach through a radio program; the Tayna radio station estimates its audience is 60,000 people ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/02/26/gorilla-conservation-on-the-radio/ GRACE 2021]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|The site is a Nature Reserve.
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Sanctuary for rescued orphans and illegally captured gorillas, which are confiscated by the ICCN; GRACE cares for the rehabilitation and release outside the reserve, within the Grauer's range ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]). Currently GRACE is working towards the release of gorillas in Virunga National Park to reinforce the functionally extinct population at the park (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
|Jobs brought to local communities through conservation (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022, [https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#tab-4914187cd87ca1fa3fe GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Other
|Many community engagement activities focus on women to support their empowerment, and because they're the primary users of natural resources. For example, GRACE is working with women’s groups to build and install more efficient stoves to significantly reduce the amount of wood needed per household. ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Civil unrest
|Plumptre et al. 2015
|-
|Lack of capacity/training
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|-
|Poverty reduction and improving human livelihoods along with conservation goals.
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
There is a permanent presence of monitoring teams in the Tayna Nature Reserve led by the community management authority RGT in partnership with GRACE. Damien Caillaud, Associate Professor at UC Davis is a GRACE science advisor for this work.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE website]<br>
[https://www.facebook.com/gracegorillas GRACE Facebook]
= References =
Fawcett, K. & Kabuyaya Mbeke, J. (2021): Survey of Great Apes (Gorilla beringei graueri, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tayna Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. Unpublished report, Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) Center.<br>
Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015a). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.<br>
Plumptre, A.J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., Williamson, E.A., Hall, J.S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015b). Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service.<br>
Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., ... & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic decline of world's largest primate: 80% loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) population justifies critically endangered status. PloS one, 11(10), e0162697.<br>
Plumptre, A. J., Ayebare, S., Kujirakwinja, D., & Segan, D. (2020). Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. Oryx, 55(2), 302-310.<br>
Vwirasihikya, K.P. & Matsitsi, S.D. (2003). Census in the Tayna Gorilla Reserve. Gorilla Journal 26.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Dr. Katie Fawcett & A.P.E.S. Wiki team ''' Date:''' 23/03/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Tayna Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|-0.346968, 28.933953~[[Tayna Nature Reserve]]~Eastern Chimpanzee, Grauer’s Gorilla
}}
</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) & Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) are present in Tayna Nature Reserve.
* The population estimates are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 900 km².
* Key threats to great apes include subsistence hunting, expansion of land for agriculture, wood harvesting, and artisanal mining.
* Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, gorilla rehabilitation and reintroduction, and conservation education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[File: Gorilla and infant_Tayna_GRACE.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Gorilla adult with infant © GRACE]]
Tayna Nature Reserve is located in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, within the transition zone between lowland forests and the Congo river to the west, and the Albertine Rift to the east ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]). The reserve is not only important as one of the last strongholds for the critically endangered Gauer's gorilla, but it also sustains a wide species diversity, including endemic species. In addition the Grauer's gorilla and eastern chimpanzees, other species of conservation concern present at the site include owl faced monkeys, L'Hoest's monkeys, golden cats, Ruwenzori leopards, giant pangolins, forest elephants, aardvarks, red river hogs, giant forest hogs, and okapis (Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003). The reserve was identified by Plumptre et al. (2016) as one of four priority areas for the conservation of Grauer's gorilla outside of national parks within the entire Albertine Rift.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|900 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|-0.346968, 28.933953
|-
|Designation
|Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Tayna holds one of the most important gorilla populations and represents a priority site for conservation efforts (Plumptre et al. 2015a, Maldonado et al. 2012). Survey information has been very limited in the past due to insecurity in the region. In 2012, a survey was halted after only a few days due to unresolved conflict between the Reserve and the survey team. In 2021, the first survey to cover the entire reserve was conducted. Survey teams recorded 305 gorillas nests, 280 chimpanzee nests, and 25 signs of other animals, including 5 species of monkeys, pangolin, forest buffalo, African grey parrot, leopard, and a single Okapi footprint (Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021).
The gorilla population at Tayna is also considered a priority in terms of the preservation of genetic diversity (Valk et al. 2018). Based on historical museum specimens and modern faecal samples, Grauer's gorilla populations have experienced a rapid loss of genetic diversity. This decline is attributed to the loss of peripheral populations rather than a decrease in genetic diversity in the core range of the species (Valk et al. 2018). Tayna is located at the northeastern extreme of the Grauer landscape, potentially representing a unique genetic profile.
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2001-2002
|450
|1.00
|
|Tayna Gorilla Reserve
|Identification and analysis of traces (tracks, droppings,knuckle prints, hair), and nest counts
|Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2012
|185-210
|
|
|906 sq km, Tayna Nature Reserve
|Monitoring data, transects, and partial count based on Nixon & Buckley 2006, Nixon unpubl. data as cited by Plumptre et al. 2015b
|Plumptre et al. 2015b
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2011-2015
|541 (121-2414)
|0.289
|
|1869 sq km, Tayna-Kisimba-Ikobo
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and line transect survey
|Plumptre et al. 2016
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2021
|
|
|Present
|Tayna Nature Reserve 900 sq km
|Fast transect method (survey team swept a 100-metre-wide corridor looking for animal prints, food remains, dung and nests.
|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2021
|
|
|Present
|Tayna Nature Reserve 900 sq km
|Fast transect method (survey team swept a 100-metre-wide corridor looking for animal prints, food remains, dung and nests.
|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The socioeconomic depression arising from over a decade of civil war placed enormous pressure on the forest resources and fauna in the region (Plumptre et al. 2015b). In addition, since 1996, the entire Grauer's gorilla range has been consumed in conflict, resulting in a breakdown of wildlife protection activities. Key ongoing threats at the site include agricultural expansion (Ayebare et al. 2018), subsistence hunting and wood harvesting, and mining (Plumptre et al. 2015b, Plumptre et al. 2016).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Subsistence agriculture ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|
|Artisanal mining for minerals such as cassiterite, gold and coltan (Plumptre et al. 2015b).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022). Furthermore, several gorillas were killed (and an infant captured) in the Tayna Nature Reserve between 2004 and 2007, as reported by Nixon, S. (Plumptre et al. 2015b).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|1.57% forest loss within the reserve between 2000 and 2018. Considering a 5 km buffer zone around the reserve shows 5.06% forest loss in the same time period ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|Logging for local subsistence, e.g., gathering fuelwood, timber harvesting for construction (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022, GRACE 2021).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Ebola outbreak that lasted 18 months, not directly inside the reserve, but in eastern DRC ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
|2017-2019
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Since the late 1990s community leaders have led an effort to protect the area; in fact, the site was created from land donated by community members ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). By protecting the land, local communities aimed to prevent the loss of local forests, wildlife, and sacred cultural sites to agricultural expansion and commercial cattle ranchers ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). The site was officially declared the Tayna Nature Reserve in 2006 by the government of DRC. The reserve is managed by the community in partnership with the Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) center, and the ICCN.
Conservation activities at the reserve are divided into four main strategies: 1) Gorilla rehabilitation, 2) Gorilla conservation (reintroduction of rehabilitated gorillas back into the wild), 3) Conservation education, and 4) Community engagement, e.g., assisting local communities with finding sustainable solutions for co-existing with wildlife, promoting local conservation leadership and building pride ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|GRACE supports domestic livestock initiatives started by local women’s groups, including a guinea pig program (https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|GRACE provides conservation education programs with schoolchildren and local communities ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|Extensive training of local community members to lead field data collection, e.g., monitoring gorillas and other wildlife, as well as human activity signs in the reserve (GRACE 2021).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, and discussions
|Conservation outreach through a radio program; the Tayna radio station estimates its audience is 60,000 people ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/02/26/gorilla-conservation-on-the-radio/ GRACE 2021]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|The site is a Nature Reserve.
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Sanctuary for rescued orphans and illegally captured gorillas, which are confiscated by the ICCN; GRACE cares for the rehabilitation and release outside the reserve, within the Grauer's range ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]). Currently GRACE is working towards the release of gorillas in Virunga National Park to reinforce the functionally extinct population at the park (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
|Jobs brought to local communities through conservation (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022, [https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#tab-4914187cd87ca1fa3fe GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Other
|Many community engagement activities focus on women to support their empowerment, and because they're the primary users of natural resources. For example, GRACE is working with women’s groups to build and install more efficient stoves to significantly reduce the amount of wood needed per household. ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Civil unrest
|Plumptre et al. 2015
|-
|Lack of capacity/training
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|-
|Poverty reduction and improving human livelihoods along with conservation goals.
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
There is a permanent presence of monitoring teams in the Tayna Nature Reserve led by the community management authority RGT in partnership with GRACE. Damien Caillaud, Associate Professor at UC Davis is a GRACE science advisor for this work.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE website]<br>
[https://www.facebook.com/gracegorillas GRACE Facebook]
= References =
Fawcett, K. & Kabuyaya Mbeke, J. (2021): Survey of Great Apes (Gorilla beringei graueri, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tayna Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. Unpublished report, Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) Center.<br>
Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015a). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.<br>
Plumptre, A.J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., Williamson, E.A., Hall, J.S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015b). Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service.<br>
Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., ... & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic decline of world's largest primate: 80% loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) population justifies critically endangered status. PloS one, 11(10), e0162697.<br>
Plumptre, A. J., Ayebare, S., Kujirakwinja, D., & Segan, D. (2020). Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. Oryx, 55(2), 302-310.<br>
Vwirasihikya, K.P. & Matsitsi, S.D. (2003). Census in the Tayna Gorilla Reserve. Gorilla Journal 26.<br>
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'''Page completed by: '''Dr. Katie Fawcett & A.P.E.S. Wiki team ''' Date:''' 23/03/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->