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Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe) (view source)
Revision as of 05:36, 30 May 2022
, 05:36, 30 May 2022Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
| -1.487097, 17.250945~[[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]~Bonobos
}}
</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe).
* It has been estimated that up to 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 72,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities have focused on land-use planning.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|72,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
| -1.487097, 17.250945
|-
|Designation
|Unclassified
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest, moist savanna, wetland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|<5,000
|
|
|Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)
|Model estimate
|[https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo IUCN & ICCN 2012]
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The main threats to bonobos in the block include poaching, habitat loss due and fragmentation, and the potential for disease transmission (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Unknown
|High
|
|Agricultural activities leading to habitat destruction (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Commercial poaching to supply urban bushmeat markets is intense, as the markets in Mbandaka, Kinshasa and Brazzaville are accessible through the Congo River (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High
|
|Collection of NFTPs (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Logging concessions, located largely in the south, cover approximately 40% of the landscape; terra firma forests are mainly old secondary forests that have been logged in the past (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Within the framework of the CARPE programme, a land-use plan is being developed, which includes three protected areas, 13 community-based natural resource management areas and six resource extraction zones. The proposed protected areas are Tumba-Lediima Natural Reserve (7,500 km²), Ngiri Biosphere Reserve (524 km², created in January 2011), with no bonobos but a small population of chimpanzees (being located on the right bank of the Congo River), and Mabali Scientific Reserve (2.6 km²) (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Other
|In 2004 and 2005, agreements were signed to create three community-managed reserves at Botuali, Mbie-Mokele and Nkosso, totalling approximately 2,200 km². In addition, Bonobo Committees were established in 37 villages in the areas where local people have agreed to protect bonobos (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Inogwabini, B.-I., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M. & wa Tshimanga, T. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx 41: 532–538.<br>
Inogwabini, B.-I., Bewa, M., Longwango, M., Abokome, M. & Vuvu, M. (2008). The bonobos of the Lake Tumba – Lake Maindombe hinterland: threats and opportunities for population conservation. In: The Bonobos: Behaviour, Ecology & Conservation. T. Furuichi & J. Thompson (eds.). Springer, New York, pp. 273–290.<br>
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp. Online: https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/05/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
| -1.487097, 17.250945~[[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]~Bonobos
}}
</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe).
* It has been estimated that up to 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 72,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities have focused on land-use planning.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|72,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
| -1.487097, 17.250945
|-
|Designation
|Unclassified
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest, moist savanna, wetland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|<5,000
|
|
|Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)
|Model estimate
|[https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo IUCN & ICCN 2012]
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The main threats to bonobos in the block include poaching, habitat loss due and fragmentation, and the potential for disease transmission (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Unknown
|High
|
|Agricultural activities leading to habitat destruction (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Commercial poaching to supply urban bushmeat markets is intense, as the markets in Mbandaka, Kinshasa and Brazzaville are accessible through the Congo River (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High
|
|Collection of NFTPs (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Logging concessions, located largely in the south, cover approximately 40% of the landscape; terra firma forests are mainly old secondary forests that have been logged in the past (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Within the framework of the CARPE programme, a land-use plan is being developed, which includes three protected areas, 13 community-based natural resource management areas and six resource extraction zones. The proposed protected areas are Tumba-Lediima Natural Reserve (7,500 km²), Ngiri Biosphere Reserve (524 km², created in January 2011), with no bonobos but a small population of chimpanzees (being located on the right bank of the Congo River), and Mabali Scientific Reserve (2.6 km²) (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Other
|In 2004 and 2005, agreements were signed to create three community-managed reserves at Botuali, Mbie-Mokele and Nkosso, totalling approximately 2,200 km². In addition, Bonobo Committees were established in 37 villages in the areas where local people have agreed to protect bonobos (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Inogwabini, B.-I., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M. & wa Tshimanga, T. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx 41: 532–538.<br>
Inogwabini, B.-I., Bewa, M., Longwango, M., Abokome, M. & Vuvu, M. (2008). The bonobos of the Lake Tumba – Lake Maindombe hinterland: threats and opportunities for population conservation. In: The Bonobos: Behaviour, Ecology & Conservation. T. Furuichi & J. Thompson (eds.). Springer, New York, pp. 273–290.<br>
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp. Online: https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/05/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->