1,347
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 7:
Line 7: − + − − [[File: Map_GIN_Sangaredi.png | 400px | thumb| right | Sangaredi (Guinea) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]] − + − + + + + + Line 23:
Line 25: − Line 30:
Line 31: − + − Line 37:
Line 37: − + Line 45:
Line 45: − + − <br> Line 52:
Line 51: − + − − + − + Line 181:
Line 179: − + − Line 192:
Line 189: − + Line 199:
Line 196: − + Line 206:
Line 203: − + Line 213:
Line 210: − + Line 220:
Line 217: − + Line 227:
Line 224: − + Line 234:
Line 231: − + Line 248:
Line 245: − + Line 262:
Line 259: − + Line 296:
Line 293: − + − Line 377:
Line 373: − + − + − − + Line 394:
Line 389: − − + − Line 420:
Line 413: − − ===Relevant datasets=== − [http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal] − − <br> Line 440:
Line 428: − − <br>
no edit summary
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_GIN_Sangaredi.png | 400px | thumb| right | Sangaredi (Guinea) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
-->
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Sangaredi]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Sangaredi]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Sangaredi.
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|11.10, 13.79~[[Sangaredi]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sangaredi.
* It has been estimated that more than 200 individuals occurred in two neighboring bauxite mining concessions prior to mining exploitations.
* It has been estimated that more than 200 individuals occurred in two neighboring bauxite mining concessions prior to mining exploitations.
* The chimpanzee population trend is very likely declining due to mining activities.
* The chimpanzee population trend is very likely declining due to mining activities.
* The following conservation activities were implemented by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF): environmental education (Club P.A.N. and theater plays) and forest regeneration.
* The following conservation activities were implemented by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF): environmental education (Club P.A.N. and theater plays) and forest regeneration.
* Sangaredi is a mining town and mining operations have been ongoing for several decades.
* Sangaredi is a mining town and mining operations have been ongoing for several decades.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Sangaredi is characterized by moist savanna with gallery forests along rivers. However, decades of mining and intense anthropogenic influence, including agriculture, logging and hunting, led to large-scale degradation of ecosystems. Still, biodiversity surveys by [https://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/Rapid-Assessment-Program.aspx Conservation International] and the [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] confirmed the presence of different primate species including western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), Temminck’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus temminckii''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), Campbell’s monkey (''Cercopithecus campbelli'') and galago (''Galagoides sp.'' ,Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, WCF 2015). In addition, 5 reptile, 17 amphibian, 140 bird and 16 non-primate mammal species were recorded during the Rapid Biological Assessment in 2005 at the site (Wright et al. 2006).
Sangaredi is characterized by moist savanna with gallery forests along rivers. However, decades of mining and intense anthropogenic influence, including agriculture, logging and hunting, led to large-scale degradation of ecosystems. Still, biodiversity surveys by [https://www.conservation.org/projects/Pages/Rapid-Assessment-Program.aspx Conservation International] and the [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] confirmed the presence of different primate species including western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), Temminck’s red colobus (''Piliocolobus temminckii''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), Campbell’s monkey (''Cercopithecus campbelli'') and galago (''Galagoides sp.'' ,Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, WCF 2015). In addition, 5 reptile, 17 amphibian, 140 bird and 16 non-primate mammal species were recorded during the Rapid Biological Assessment in 2005 at the site (Wright et al. 2006).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sangaredi'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|11.10 N, 13.79 W
|11.10, 13.79
|-
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, arable land, moist savanna, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, permanent rivers
|Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, arable land, moist savanna, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, permanent rivers
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Sugiyama and Soumah (1988) and Ham (1998) confirmed the presence of western chimpanzees throughout Boké prefecture. As part of a rapid biological assessment in 2005 in Boulléré just to the west of Sangaredi the presence of western chimpanzees was established by Eriksson and Kpoghomou (2006). The [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] corporates with Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) since 2008 to assess the impact of mining on chimpanzees in their mining concession, and suggested mitigation measures (offset) as part of a comprehensive management plan (WCF 2011, WCF 2015). In 2015 WCF started working with the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG) on a concession neighboring the GAC concession (CBG Halco concession). As part of these collaborations, the WCF monitored the local chimpanzee population across several years and estimated a total chimpanzee abundance of more than 200 individuals around Sangaredi. A population trend assessment showed stable population from 2008 until 2014 in the GAC concession (Kühl et al. 2017). Nevertheless, with starting mining exploitation in these concessions and the ensuing habitat destruction and increase in anthropogenic pressures, the chimpanzee population is now very likely declining (WCF 2015).
Sugiyama and Soumah (1988) and Ham (1998) confirmed the presence of western chimpanzees throughout Boké prefecture. As part of a rapid biological assessment in 2005 in Boulléré just to the west of Sangaredi the presence of western chimpanzees was established by Eriksson and Kpoghomou (2006). The [http://www.wildchimps.org Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] corporates with Guinea Alumina Corporation (GAC) since 2008 to assess the impact of mining on chimpanzees in their mining concession, and suggested mitigation measures (offset) as part of a comprehensive management plan (WCF 2011, WCF 2015). In 2015 WCF started working with the Bauxite Company of Guinea (CBG) on a concession neighboring the GAC concession (CBG Halco concession). As part of these collaborations, the WCF monitored the local chimpanzee population across several years and estimated a total chimpanzee abundance of more than 200 individuals around Sangaredi. A population trend assessment showed stable population from 2008 until 2014 in the GAC concession (Kühl et al. 2017). Nevertheless, with starting mining exploitation in these concessions and the ensuing habitat destruction and increase in anthropogenic pressures, the chimpanzee population is now very likely declining (WCF 2015).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Sangaredi'''
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
As mining operations have been ongoing since 1973 the ecosystem is strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures, especially logging and charring, agriculture, mining, the construction of roads, the presence of settlements, as well as hunting and fishing, and livestock keeping (WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Mining exploitation was planned to start by 2016 in the GAC concession, but the current status is unclear. However, chimpanzee habitat has already been destroyed in the mining concession (WCF 2015). In connection with the mining project, concerns have been raised in relation to social issues (e.g., work insecurity, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and corruption), environmental damage by pollution (air, soil, and water), crop damage and changes in the hydrology (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019).
As mining operations have been ongoing since 1973 the ecosystem is strongly impacted by anthropogenic pressures, especially logging and charring, agriculture, mining, the construction of roads, the presence of settlements, as well as hunting and fishing, and livestock keeping (WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Mining exploitation was planned to start by 2016 in the GAC concession, but the current status is unclear. However, chimpanzee habitat has already been destroyed in the mining concession (WCF 2015). In connection with the mining project, concerns have been raised in relation to social issues (e.g., work insecurity, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and corruption), environmental damage by pollution (air, soil, and water), crop damage and changes in the hydrology (Environmental Justice Atlas 2019).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sangaredi'''
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1. Housing & urban areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|2.3. Livestock Farming & Ranching
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Low
|Low
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2. Mining & Quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|High
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1. Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|5.3. Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|High
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1. Fire & Fire suppression
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|9.2. Industrial & Military Effluents
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
|Medium
|Medium
|
|
Since 2008, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation collaborates with the Guinea Alumina Project (GAP) to develop and implement a management plan to first minimize negative impacts on chimpanzees and offset any damage (WCF 2011). In 2011, the WCF proposed a management plan that was informed by the annual monitoring surveys that WCF conducted since 2009 (see above). When the ownership of the mining company changed, the area proposed for exploitation changed to the southwestern part of the concession and a new management plan was proposed by the WCF (WCF 2015). It is not clear which part of the management plan is or was implemented. As part of their engagement, the WCF conducted different environmental education activities: an extracurricular environmental education program at schools (Club P.A.N. program), theater tour, environmental newsletter, and chimpanzee film screenings (WCF 2011, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Community consultations revealed that water is key for local agricultural activities, and in collaboration with local communities the WCF started a program to protect three water sources in the area by protecting the habitat around the water sources – but it is not clear whether protection was implemented (WCF 2014, 2015). In 2015, the WCF established a plant nursery with 25,000 plants to be replanted around three water sources (WCF 2015).
Since 2008, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation collaborates with the Guinea Alumina Project (GAP) to develop and implement a management plan to first minimize negative impacts on chimpanzees and offset any damage (WCF 2011). In 2011, the WCF proposed a management plan that was informed by the annual monitoring surveys that WCF conducted since 2009 (see above). When the ownership of the mining company changed, the area proposed for exploitation changed to the southwestern part of the concession and a new management plan was proposed by the WCF (WCF 2015). It is not clear which part of the management plan is or was implemented. As part of their engagement, the WCF conducted different environmental education activities: an extracurricular environmental education program at schools (Club P.A.N. program), theater tour, environmental newsletter, and chimpanzee film screenings (WCF 2011, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). Community consultations revealed that water is key for local agricultural activities, and in collaboration with local communities the WCF started a program to protect three water sources in the area by protecting the habitat around the water sources – but it is not clear whether protection was implemented (WCF 2014, 2015). In 2015, the WCF established a plant nursery with 25,000 plants to be replanted around three water sources (WCF 2015).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sangaredi'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
Changing ownership of mining companies and volatility of markets for minerals impedes continuous implementation of management plan to mitigate negative impacts of mining operations on chimpanzees (WCF 2015).
Changing ownership of mining companies and volatility of markets for minerals impedes continuous implementation of management plan to mitigate negative impacts of mining operations on chimpanzees (WCF 2015).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sangaredi'''
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
As detailed above several surveys on chimpanzees have been implemented in Sangaredi (Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, Wright et al. 2006, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). The [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/index.php Pan African Programme (PanAf)] ‘The Cultured Chimpanzee’ established a temporary research site in Sangaredi with the aim to record ecological conditions of chimpanzees living in the area and to document chimpanzee behavior (Kühl et al. 2016, Kühl et al. 2019).
As detailed above several surveys on chimpanzees have been implemented in Sangaredi (Eriksson & Kpoghomou 2006, Wright et al. 2006, WCF 2012, WCF 2014, WCF 2015). The [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/index.php Pan African Programme (PanAf)] ‘The Cultured Chimpanzee’ established a temporary research site in Sangaredi with the aim to record ecological conditions of chimpanzees living in the area and to document chimpanzee behavior (Kühl et al. 2016, Kühl et al. 2019).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sangaredi'''
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Sangaredi'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
|}
|}
= References =
= References =
Wright HE et al. 2006. A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.<br>
Wright HE et al. 2006. A Rapid Biological Assessment of Boké Préfecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 41. Conservation International, Washington, DC.<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Julia Riedel '''Date:''' 25/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & Julia Riedel '''Date:''' 25/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
<br><br>