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[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]

[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]

= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->

= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->

* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.  

* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.  

* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.  

* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.  

* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  

* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  

Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km², a buffer zone of 272.3 km², and a transition area of 463.9 km² (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km² in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).  

Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km², a buffer zone of 272.3 km², and a transition area of 463.9 km² (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta (BirdLife International 2018), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré (UNESCO MAB 2007). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2007). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km² in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production (UNESCO MAB 2007), as well as a palm grove (WCF 2012).  

 

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 1: Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|-

|-

|Coordinates

|Coordinates

|8.28 N, 9.34 W

|8.28, -9.34

|-

|-

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, swamps, arable land

|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, swamps, arable land

|}

|}

[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]

[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]

= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees  was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).

Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees  was confirmed by Sugiyama & Soumah (1988). In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys (Ham 1998). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance (WCF 2012). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).

 

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"

! Species

! Species

! Year

! Year

! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)

! Abundance estimate (95% CI)

! Density estimate (per km²)

! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)

! Encounter rate (nests/km)

! Encounter rate (nests/km)

! Area

! Area

Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve  FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).

Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve  FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).

 

'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

|-

|-

|1. Residential & commercial development

|1. Residential & commercial development

|1.1. Housing & urban areas

|1.1 Housing & urban areas

|Medium

|Medium

|

|

|-

|-

|2. Agriculture & aquaculture

|2. Agriculture & aquaculture

|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops

|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops

|High

|High

|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|-

|-

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|4.1. Roads & railroads

|4.1 Roads & railroads

|Medium

|Medium

|1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|-

|-

|5. Biological resource use

|5. Biological resource use

|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals

|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals

|High

|High

|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|-

|-

|

|

|5.3. Logging & wood harvesting

|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting

|Medium

|Medium

|0.14 signs of wood extraction/km (22 signs of wood extraction, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|0.14 signs of wood extraction/km (22 signs of wood extraction, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|-

|-

|

|

|5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources

|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources

|Low

|Low

|0.02 signs of fishing/km (3 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

|0.02 signs of fishing/km (3 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)

The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).

The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).

 

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->

 

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"

!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->

!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->

!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->

!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->

|-

|-

From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).  

From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide surveys on chimpanzees across Guinea (Ham 1998), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network Brugière and Kormos (2009) identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys (WCF 2012). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama (FFI 2018).  

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

 

'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"

!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->

!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->

|}

|}

= References =

= References =

'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 15/11/2018  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 15/11/2018  <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

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