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Ziama Biosphere Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 07:08, 23 January 2023
, 07:08, 23 January 2023no edit summary
|WCF 2012
|WCF 2012
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
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|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
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|Ziama forest
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|FFI
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= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centers of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures (WCF 2012). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees (Ham 1998) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs (WCF 2012). A survey by FFI in 2016 revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found (WCF 2012). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centres of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves (WCF 2012). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest (WCF 2012).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|High
|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|0.35 signs of agriculture/km (55 signs of agriculture, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012). 1011 ha of wetlands occupied in the buffer zone for agricultural purposes (rice mainly) in 2016 (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Illegal agricultural across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018)
|Illegal agriculture across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2022)
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|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|Medium
|Medium
|1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|1.51 roads/km (237 roads, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012)
|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012). National road crosses the PA, as well as roads that connect enclaves to the national road (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2012)
|Ongoing (2022)
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|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|High
|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012)
|1.90 signs of hunting/km (298 signs of hunting, survey effort: 156.561 km, WCF 2012); 0.28 traps/km and 0.13 12-gauge cases/km in 2021 ranger-based monitoring (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
|Ongoing (2012)
|Ongoing (2022)
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|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
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|Absent
|Use of herbicides and pesticides in the wetlands under agriculture in the buffer zone (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré is responsible for Ziama forest. In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated a ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment of rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).
The Centre Forestier de N'Zérékore, attached to the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, is the management authority of Ziama MAB. Partners like UNOPS and Fauna & Flora International have been supporting CFZ to develop baseline for the protected area, the management plan and the implementation of management activities since 2016 (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022). In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated an ‘integrally protected area’ (METT 2009). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan (FFI 2018). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment for rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants (AFEF 2017).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
|The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI (FFI 2018)
|The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI (FFI 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
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|5.9. Regularly deactivate/remove ground snares
|Biomonitoring and anti-poaching patrols by rangers of the Centre Forestier de N'Zérékoré's, the management authority (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|Ongoing (2017)
|Ongoing (2017)
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|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Training on SMART, GPS use, prosecution processes, social safeguards (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|CFZ in Ziama has a SMART database and produces monthly reports to improve the effectiveness of the law enforcement since 2019 (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Community auxiliaries take part of the reconnaissance patrols with CFZ rangers and report back to the community about the findings (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Developing an environmental feasibility study on fish farming (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.3. Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site
|Core zones are restricted, only CFZ rangers or researchers can access. The buffer zone allows some activities that will be regulated by co-management as stated in the Management Plan (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
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|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|10.3. Install billboards to raise primate conservation awareness
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|Billboards of protected species in the main villages of Ziama (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|Designated as Classified Forest (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018)
|Designated as Classified Forest (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018)
|Unknown (2018)
|Unknown (2018)
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|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|CFZ rangers and communities are currently defining the limits of the PA, given they were not clear on the ground, and it created conflicts between rangers and people from communities (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
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|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
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|About 50 CFZ rangers based in Ziama and 10 FFI staff focused on supporting the effective management of the PA (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
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|Ongoing (2022)
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|Lack of technical means
|Lack of technical means
|METT 2009
|METT 2009
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|Lack of government support
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|Corruption
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