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Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (view source)
Revision as of 15:30, 12 February 2023
, 15:30, 12 February 2023Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] >[[Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|17.567690, 106.274533~[[Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park]]~Southern White-cheeked Gibbons
}}
</div>
* Southern White-cheeked Gibbons (''Nomascus siki'') are present in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park.
* It has been estimated that a minimum of 50 groups occur in the site.
* The gibbon population trend is unknown
* The site has a total size of 857 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are hunting and habitat loss due to illegal logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising, reintroduction and rehabilitation, and training of ranger patrols.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is located in the Bo Trach and Minh Hoa Districts, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Much of the national park is naturally protected by karst limestone forest that is difficult to access. The southern white-cheeked gibbon population may be contiguous with gibbon groups in Hin Nam No National Protected Area in Laos. Collectively they form the largest area of continuous limestone karst mountains in Indochina; due to the limited access, this region probably provides a good level of protection to wildlife in general (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|857 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|17.567690, 106.274533
|-
|Designation
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No complete census of southern white-cheeked gibbons has been undertaken in the park, though it supports one of the largest populations in Vietnam and possibly globally. At least nine gibbon/primate surveys were conducted between 1997 and 2009 were conducted in different areas of the park and varied in objectives and methods. A survey in early 2009 in the south-east of the park recorded 37 groups with 101 individuals over less than 5,400 ha, yielding a group density of 0.69 groups km-2. Ruppell (2007) recorded 13 groups of gibbons between km 40 and km 52 of the main service road in the park. Collectively, these records suggest at least 50 groups occur in the park, but this does not include the large park interior, which may contain significant numbers of gibbons (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Nomascus siki''
|
|
|
|
|Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
|
|
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting and habitat loss due to illegal logging are the main threats to gibbons in the site. Little direct evidence of hunting of gibbons has been documented, but intensive hunting of other primates occurs; for example, macaques are targeted for the production of monkey bone balm. Illegal logging targets high-value timber species, and rising timber prices have resulted in increasing timber extraction (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat level is unknown
|
|Hunting of primates in the area (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Illegal extraction of high-value timber (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Cologne Zoo, FFI and
Frankfurt Zoological Society have supported the funding and training of ranger patrols with
primates as priority species for protection (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|FFI has implemented community awareness projects to raise local support for conservation of gibbons and other primates (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Cologne Zoo and Frankfurt Zoological Society have supported primate re-introduction and wildlife rescue/rehabilitation in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Conservation activities are hindered by increasing tensions between the park management board and local communities over the board’s attempts to control wildlife hunting and logging in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 10/02/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] >[[Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|17.567690, 106.274533~[[Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park]]~Southern White-cheeked Gibbons
}}
</div>
* Southern White-cheeked Gibbons (''Nomascus siki'') are present in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park.
* It has been estimated that a minimum of 50 groups occur in the site.
* The gibbon population trend is unknown
* The site has a total size of 857 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are hunting and habitat loss due to illegal logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising, reintroduction and rehabilitation, and training of ranger patrols.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is located in the Bo Trach and Minh Hoa Districts, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Much of the national park is naturally protected by karst limestone forest that is difficult to access. The southern white-cheeked gibbon population may be contiguous with gibbon groups in Hin Nam No National Protected Area in Laos. Collectively they form the largest area of continuous limestone karst mountains in Indochina; due to the limited access, this region probably provides a good level of protection to wildlife in general (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|857 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|17.567690, 106.274533
|-
|Designation
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No complete census of southern white-cheeked gibbons has been undertaken in the park, though it supports one of the largest populations in Vietnam and possibly globally. At least nine gibbon/primate surveys were conducted between 1997 and 2009 were conducted in different areas of the park and varied in objectives and methods. A survey in early 2009 in the south-east of the park recorded 37 groups with 101 individuals over less than 5,400 ha, yielding a group density of 0.69 groups km-2. Ruppell (2007) recorded 13 groups of gibbons between km 40 and km 52 of the main service road in the park. Collectively, these records suggest at least 50 groups occur in the park, but this does not include the large park interior, which may contain significant numbers of gibbons (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Nomascus siki''
|
|
|
|
|Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
|
|
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting and habitat loss due to illegal logging are the main threats to gibbons in the site. Little direct evidence of hunting of gibbons has been documented, but intensive hunting of other primates occurs; for example, macaques are targeted for the production of monkey bone balm. Illegal logging targets high-value timber species, and rising timber prices have resulted in increasing timber extraction (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat level is unknown
|
|Hunting of primates in the area (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Illegal extraction of high-value timber (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Cologne Zoo, FFI and
Frankfurt Zoological Society have supported the funding and training of ranger patrols with
primates as priority species for protection (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|FFI has implemented community awareness projects to raise local support for conservation of gibbons and other primates (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
|Cologne Zoo and Frankfurt Zoological Society have supported primate re-introduction and wildlife rescue/rehabilitation in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).
|Unknown
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Conservation activities are hindered by increasing tensions between the park management board and local communities over the board’s attempts to control wildlife hunting and logging in the park (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 10/02/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->