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Kom Wum Forest Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 07:00, 27 February 2023
, 07:00, 27 February 2023Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
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2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Kom Wum Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Kom Wum Forest Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 10 to 83 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 80 km².
* Key threats include hunting, logging, extraction of non-timber forest products, and agricultural expansion.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) was created in 1951; it stretches across Boyo and Menchum divisions in northwestern Cameroon. The KWFR is surrounded by the villages Mughom and Bueni Bu, Mbengkas, Baiso and Mbongkissu (Fotang et al. 2021; Fotang et al. 2023a). The landscape is a mosaic of grassland and lowland-montane tropical forest. The site is characterized by primary forest, old secondary forest and grassland. It is home to seven diurnal primate species including putty-nosed monkey (''Cercopithecus nictitans ludio''), mona monkey (''Cercopithecus mona''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis''), tantalus monkey (''Chlorocebus tantalus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), and Preuss’s monkey (''Allochrocebus preussi'') and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Fotang et al. 2023b).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|80 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|
|-
|Designation
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, grassland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Using a combination of survey methods it was estimated that 10 (direct observation) to 83 (distance sampling) chimpanzees live in the area depending on the estimation method (Fotang et al. 2021).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2018- 2019
|
|
|Present
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and Line transects
|Fotang et al. 2023
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2018
|10-83
|
|
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and other
|Fotang et al. 2021
|1) direct observation, 2) camera trapping, 3)distance sampling, 4) marked nest count, and 5) standing crop nest count, survey effort: 150 km.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2015- 2016
|
|
|11.29
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Chuo et al. 2017
|survey effort 42 km. Four chimpanzees were directly observed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Based on an analysis of suitable chimpanzee habitat, the reserve is degraded and the population could go extinct unless immediate action is taken; currently, chimpanzees are confined to less than 10% of the area. The study found increasing chimpanzee occurrence with increasing elevation, secondary forest density, distance to villages and primary forest density. Hunting and forest degradation are the major threats to chimpanzees in the reserve (Fotang et al. 2023b).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|Habitat destruction for the creation of new settlements (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|The lowland areas (< 800 m) are often cultivated with rice and maize and suffer from logging (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Extensive cattle grazing and cattle rearing (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Illegal hunting with guns and trapping (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High
|
|Harvesting of non-timber forest products (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Timber harvesting (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Ground nesting
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Ant dipping
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Ant digging
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Crab clobber stones
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Chuo, M. D., Angwafo, T. E., Chefor, F., & Fru, B. S. (2017b). Estimation of chimpanzee’s (Pan troglodytes ellioti) abundance in the Kimbi-Fungum National Park and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Nw, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity Management and Forestry, 6(3), 20-30. DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000185 <br>
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Mapping suitable habitat for Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-Western Cameroon. Primates (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329- 023-01054-z <br>
Fotang, C., Dutton, P., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Willie, J., Angwafo, T. E., ... & Birkhofer, K. (2023b). Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon. Folia Primatologica, 1(aop), 1-13. <br>
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon. Int J Primatol 42, 105–129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2 <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 24/02/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Kom Wum Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Kom Wum Forest Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 10 to 83 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 80 km².
* Key threats include hunting, logging, extraction of non-timber forest products, and agricultural expansion.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) was created in 1951; it stretches across Boyo and Menchum divisions in northwestern Cameroon. The KWFR is surrounded by the villages Mughom and Bueni Bu, Mbengkas, Baiso and Mbongkissu (Fotang et al. 2021; Fotang et al. 2023a). The landscape is a mosaic of grassland and lowland-montane tropical forest. The site is characterized by primary forest, old secondary forest and grassland. It is home to seven diurnal primate species including putty-nosed monkey (''Cercopithecus nictitans ludio''), mona monkey (''Cercopithecus mona''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis''), tantalus monkey (''Chlorocebus tantalus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), and Preuss’s monkey (''Allochrocebus preussi'') and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Fotang et al. 2023b).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|80 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|
|-
|Designation
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, grassland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Using a combination of survey methods it was estimated that 10 (direct observation) to 83 (distance sampling) chimpanzees live in the area depending on the estimation method (Fotang et al. 2021).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2018- 2019
|
|
|Present
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk) and Line transects
|Fotang et al. 2023
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2018
|10-83
|
|
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and other
|Fotang et al. 2021
|1) direct observation, 2) camera trapping, 3)distance sampling, 4) marked nest count, and 5) standing crop nest count, survey effort: 150 km.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2015- 2016
|
|
|11.29
|Kom Wum Forest Reserve
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Chuo et al. 2017
|survey effort 42 km. Four chimpanzees were directly observed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Based on an analysis of suitable chimpanzee habitat, the reserve is degraded and the population could go extinct unless immediate action is taken; currently, chimpanzees are confined to less than 10% of the area. The study found increasing chimpanzee occurrence with increasing elevation, secondary forest density, distance to villages and primary forest density. Hunting and forest degradation are the major threats to chimpanzees in the reserve (Fotang et al. 2023b).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|Habitat destruction for the creation of new settlements (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|The lowland areas (< 800 m) are often cultivated with rice and maize and suffer from logging (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Extensive cattle grazing and cattle rearing (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Illegal hunting with guns and trapping (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High
|
|Harvesting of non-timber forest products (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Timber harvesting (Fotang et al. 2023b).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Ground nesting
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Ant dipping
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Ant digging
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|Crab clobber stones
|Chuo et al. 2017
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Chuo, M. D., Angwafo, T. E., Chefor, F., & Fru, B. S. (2017b). Estimation of chimpanzee’s (Pan troglodytes ellioti) abundance in the Kimbi-Fungum National Park and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Nw, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity Management and Forestry, 6(3), 20-30. DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000185 <br>
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Mapping suitable habitat for Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-Western Cameroon. Primates (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329- 023-01054-z <br>
Fotang, C., Dutton, P., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Willie, J., Angwafo, T. E., ... & Birkhofer, K. (2023b). Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon. Folia Primatologica, 1(aop), 1-13. <br>
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon. Int J Primatol 42, 105–129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2 <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 24/02/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->