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no edit summary
* It is estimated that approximately 1500 individuals occur at the site.
* It is estimated that approximately 1500 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is estimated to be stable.
* The chimpanzee population trend is estimated to be stable.
* This site has a total size of over 3,193 km².
* This site has a total size of over 3,193 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat conversion and a bauxite mining concession.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat conversion and a bauxite mining concession.
* The following conservation activities were conducted by Chimbo Foundation: involve the local community in primate research and conservation management; integrate religion/local taboos into conservation; conservation awareness; education.
* The following conservation activities were conducted by Chimbo Foundation: involve the local community in primate research and conservation management; integrate religion/local taboos into conservation; conservation awareness; education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Boé Sector covers 3,193 km2; in it, Boé National Park and Dulombi National Park are partly embedded (Wit & Reintjes 1989). The Boé Sector is the most north-westerly part of the Fouta Djallon massive in Guinea (Conakry). The south eastern part of Dulombi National Park is the part of the Boé Sector west of the river Corubal, which can only be crossed by chimpanzees towards the end of the dry season.The landscape consists of flat plateaus with wooden Savanna vegetation (van der Meer 2014). Relatively narrow, shallow river valleys with often steep shorelines are found within this plateaus. Old secondary and often slightly disturbed forest is found further from the river channels (White & Edwards 2000). Along the rivers or streams, gallery forest and isolated savanna vegetation is growing. Here, under constant water supply, the greatest species diversity is found. Furthermore, the origin of the rivers are often designated as a sacred place by the people and thus have a low human activity (White & Edwards 2000, Silva et al. 2007, Koops et al. 2012, van der Meer 2014, Ramachandra 2017). Cultivated land, such as cashew tree plantations and cultivated fields of rice, peanuts, maize, sorghum, and millet are expanding steadily. The climate is tropical, with an annual mean temperature of 28°C and annual rainfall of c. 1,500-1,750 mm (USGS, n.d.). The Boé Sector is located in the tropical dry forest climate zone. Daytime temperatures range between 30-33°C while nighttime temperatures vary from 18-23°C. It hardly ever rains from December to April and it is very wet from June through October. The area is sparsely populated, with around 12,000 people living in 85 villages, and still relatively well preserved. The region has contiguous habitats and it is considered to be a very important area for chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') in West Africa (Van der Meer 2014).
The Boé Sector covers 3,193 km2; Boé National Park and Dulombi National Park are partly embedded in the site (Wit & Reintjes 1989). The Boé Sector is the most north-westerly part of the Fouta Djallon massive in Guinea. The south eastern part of Dulombi National Park is the part of the Boé Sector west of the river Corubal, which can only be crossed by chimpanzees towards the end of the dry season.The landscape consists of flat plateaus with wooden savanna vegetation (van der Meer 2014). Relatively narrow, shallow river valleys with often steep shorelines are found within this plateaus. Old secondary and often slightly disturbed forest is found further from the river channels (White & Edwards 2000). Along the rivers or streams, gallery forest and isolated savanna vegetation is growing. Here, under constant water supply, the greatest species diversity is found. Furthermore, the origin of the rivers are often designated as a sacred place by the people and thus have a low human activity (White & Edwards 2000, Silva et al. 2007, Koops et al. 2012, van der Meer 2014, Ramachandra 2017). Cultivated land, such as cashew tree plantations and cultivated fields of rice, peanuts, maize, sorghum, and millet are expanding steadily. The climate is tropical, with an annual mean temperature of 28°C and annual rainfall of c. 1,500-1,750 mm (USGS, n.d.). The Boé Sector is located in the tropical dry forest climate zone. Daytime temperatures range between 30-33°C while nighttime temperatures vary from 18-23°C. It hardly ever rains from December to April and it is very wet from June through October. The area is sparsely populated, with around 12,000 people living in 85 villages, and still relatively well preserved. The region has contiguous habitats and it is considered to be a very important area for chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') in West Africa (Van der Meer 2014).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Boé Sector'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Boé Sector'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|3,289 km²
|3,193 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|-
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Administrative unit, partly overlaps with national parks
|Administrative unit
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Chimpanzees in the Boé Sector in Guinea-Bissau are mainly threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. Forests being cleared by farmers for shifting cultivation practices, mainly for rice and maize farming and cashew plantations (Wit & Reintjes 1989). The gallery forests and intact tree populations remain almost exclusively on steep slopes of river valleys with difficult access. Due to the high population growth in Guinea-Bissau (annual rate 2.44 %) new villages in the central region of Boé were established and increased the pressure on the already limited areas of intact forests (Chimbo Foundation 2015). Overall, the local culture inhabits pro environmental habits. The attitude towards primates among the local communities in Boé is in general positive (Hockings & Humle 2009). Hunting of primates is rare because of religious taboos (van Laar 2010) and some parts of the gallery forest, mostly around headwaters, are protected by traditional beliefs (White & Edwards 2000; Silva et al. 2007; Koops et al. 2012; van der Meer 2014). The ongoing loss of traditions and of respect for traditional institutions presents a threat to the survival of Boé’s cultural heritage and natural resource base. One of the Bauxite mining concessions is situated at the middle course of Jabere river, neighbouring an area occupied by chimpanzees during the dry season. Effects on the populations are expected, because: 1) this site provides during the dry season one of the few places with permanent water availability, 2) water pollution in consequence by the mining operations, by the workers and washouts of sediments, (3) Noise pollution through explosions, heavy machinery and roads (Wenceslau 2014). Furthermore, an influx of workers could disturb the local culture and increase the pressure on the already limited resources available (Wenceslau 2014). Bush fires are occurring, sometimes due to fire setting by the Boenques, cattle herders in great part coming from Guinea (Wenceslau, 2014), or on purpose by hunters, but also negligence of farmers and fishermen. During the late dry season herders burn grasslands. After the whole north flank of Ronde Hill was burned by a Boenque family, destroying an area of at least 300 ha, no new chimpanzee nests were spotted on the affected areas (Wenceslau 2014). Burning for opening an agricultural area is restricted to the plantation field but may spread easily.Cattle herders are in higher numbers and more permanently settling in remote areas that were relatively undisturbed before their arrival (Goedmakers pers. comm. 2022).
Chimpanzees in the Boé Sector in Guinea-Bissau are mainly threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. Forests being cleared by farmers for shifting cultivation practices, mainly for rice and maize farming and cashew plantations (Wit & Reintjes 1989). The gallery forests and intact tree populations remain almost exclusively on steep slopes of river valleys with difficult access. Due to the high population growth in Guinea-Bissau (annual rate 2.44 %) new villages in the central region of Boé were established and increased the pressure on the already limited areas of intact forests (Chimbo Foundation 2015). Overall, the local culture inhabits pro environmental habits. The attitude towards primates among the local communities in Boé is in general positive (Hockings & Humle 2009). Hunting of primates is rare because of religious taboos (van Laar 2010) and some parts of the gallery forest, mostly around headwaters, are protected by traditional beliefs (White & Edwards 2000; Silva et al. 2007; Koops et al. 2012; van der Meer 2014). The ongoing loss of traditions and of respect for traditional institutions presents a threat to the survival of Boé’s cultural heritage and natural resource base. One of the bauxite mining concessions is situated at the middle course of Jabere river, neighbouring an area occupied by chimpanzees during the dry season. Effects on the populations are expected, because: 1) this site provides during the dry season one of the few places with permanent water availability, 2) water pollution in consequence by the mining operations, by the workers and washouts of sediments, (3) Noise pollution through explosions, heavy machinery and roads (Wenceslau 2014). Furthermore, an influx of workers could disturb the local culture and increase the pressure on the already limited resources available (Wenceslau 2014). Bush fires are occurring, sometimes due to fire setting by the Boenques, cattle herders in great part coming from Guinea (Wenceslau 2014), or on purpose by hunters, but also negligence of farmers and fishermen. During the late dry season herders burn grasslands. After the whole north flank of Ronde Hill was burned by a Boenque family, destroying an area of at least 300 ha, no new chimpanzee nests were spotted on the affected areas (Wenceslau 2014). Burning for opening an agricultural area is restricted to the plantation field but may spread easily. Cattle herders are in higher numbers and more permanently settling in remote areas that were relatively undisturbed before their arrival (Goedmakers pers. comm. 2022).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Boé Sector'''
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Boé Sector'''
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & Urban Areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Medium
|Medium
|Settling of cattle owners with their herds; about 60 families with 7000 head of cattle.
|Settling of cattle owners with their herds; about 60 families with 7000 head of cattle.
|Settlements in remote areas cause disturbances since the 1990s (Goedmakers pers. comm. 2022).
|New villages were established (Chimbo Foundation 2015). Settlements in remote areas have caused disturbances since the 1990s (Goedmakers pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Medium
|Medium
|70 ha of forest converted to cashew plantations between 2016 and 2020.
|70 ha of forest converted to cashew plantations between 2016 and 2020.
|Cashew plantations increasing in area (Van der Hoeven 2020).
|Small-holder Farming (Chimbo Foundation 2015). Cashew plantations increasing in area (Van der Hoeven 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2. Mining & Quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|High
|
|
|Bauxite ming sites are planned next to chimpanzee populations (Wenceslau 2014)
|Bauxite mining sites are planned next to chimpanzee populations (Wenceslau 2014)
|Planned
|Planned
|-
|-
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low
|Low
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & Fire Suppression
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High
|High
|300 ha burned in 2013
|300 ha burned in 2013
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
IBAP (The Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas) established a National Park (PNB) and Wildlife Corridors in part of the Boé Sector east of the river Corubal and a National Park (PND) in the part of the Boé Sector west of the river Corubal. The Chimbo Foundation together with its local sister organization Daridibó executes a program of community-based sustainable conservation in the Boé, creating synergy between conservation and development (Chimbo Foundation 2018). The long-term objective of this programme is to guarantee the long-term survival of the western chimpanzee population in the Boé through community-based conservation. Chimbo works with 28 Village Vigilance Committees and 40 village Fire Brigades. 178 sacred sites are mapped by Chimbo and registered as ICCA’s. Students and visiting researchers work on different aspects of integrated conservation: inventories of flora and fauna, socio-ecological surveys, etc. Since 2021 ARCUS finances a program to identify “drumming trees” aiming to increase their protection by the local population. The development of ecotourism in the Boé Sector has started in 2012.
IBAP (The Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas) established a National Park (PNB) and Wildlife Corridors in part of the Boé Sector east of the river Corubal and a National Park (PND) in the part of the Boé Sector west of the river Corubal. The Chimbo Foundation together with its local sister organization Daridibó executes a program of community-based sustainable conservation in the Boé, creating synergy between conservation and development (Chimbo Foundation 2018). The long-term objective of this programme is to guarantee the long-term survival of the western chimpanzee population in the Boé through community-based conservation. Chimbo works with 28 Village Vigilance Committees and 40 village Fire Brigades. 178 sacred sites are mapped by Chimbo and registered as ICCA’s. Students and visiting researchers work on different aspects of integrated conservation: inventories of flora and fauna, socio-ecological surveys, etc. Since 2021 ARCUS have financed a program to identify “drumming trees” aiming to increase their protection by the local population. The development of ecotourism in the Boé Sector started in 2012.
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Boé Sector'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Boé Sector'''
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|IBAP implements patrols and Chimbo works with 28 village committee who do patrols (Chimbo Foundation 2019).
|IBAP implements patrols and Chimbo works with 28 village committees who do patrols (Chimbo Foundation 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
|
|
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Chimbo works with 28 village committee who implement patrols (Chimbo Foundation 2019).
|Chimbo works with 28 village committees who implement patrols (Chimbo Foundation 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
|
|
|10.6. Integrate religion/local taboos into conservation education
|10.6. Integrate religion/local taboos into conservation education
|220 sacred sites in Data Base since 2020
|220 sacred sites in Database since 2020
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|
|
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|Rice banks, secondary school education for girls sincec 2010.
|Rice banks, secondary school education for girls since 2010.
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
Chimpanzees nested mainly in semi-dense forest, to an even greater extent than reported by Fleury-Brugiere & Brugiere 2010 and Bersacola et al. 2018. Unique high preference for Khaya senegalensis and especially Parkia biglobosa for nesting (Wenceslau 2014).
Chimpanzees nested mainly in semi-dense forest, to an even greater extent than reported by Fleury-Brugiere & Brugiere 2010 and Bersacola et al. 2018. Unique high preference for ''Khaya senegalensis'' and especially ''Parkia biglobosa'' for nesting (Wenceslau 2014).
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Boé Sector'''
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Boé Sector'''
|Kühl et al. 2019
|Kühl et al. 2019
|}
|}
===External links===
===External links===