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Kambui Hills Forest Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 02:28, 20 January 2020
, 02:28, 20 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Kambui Hills Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve.
* The chimpanzee population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 212 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging and poaching.
* Conservation work at the reserve consists of achieving long-term community-based forest management.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Located in southeastern Sierra Leone, the site forms part of the Upper Guinea forest ecosystem (Brncic et al. 2010). The [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone site] consist of two blocks, Kambui North (20,348 ha), and Kambui South (880 ha, BirdLife International 2019). The two sections are divided by a main road leading to the town of Kenema. The site is a catchment area for reservoirs that supply water to Kenema and nearby communities (Brncic et al. 2010). The Kambui Hills Forest Reserve is an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]; BirdLife International 2019), and in addition to the high diversity of bird species, other species found at the site include Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), western black-and-white colobus monkey, forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki'', BirdLife International 2019). The vegetation mostly consists of mature secondary moist forest, with semi-deciduous forest on the slopes (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|212 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|7.92 N, -11.21 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Arable Land
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The chimpanzee population size is unknown. Based on the most recent survey of the area (Brncic et al. 2010), there might not be a substantial population within the reserve, which may only be used seasonally by chimpanzees. Chimpanzee nests and signs were found between Kambui North and Kambui South during a survey of the area (Brncic et al. 2010). It is likely that high logging and hunting pressure in the areas have greatly reduced the population (Brncic et al 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|
|
|0.20
|Kambui Hills (152 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Total survey effort: 20 km. Encounter signs were not nests; only feeding remains and calls recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Signs of human activity are very high in the reserve, particularly in Kambui North. In fact, the encounter rate of human signs (logging, snares, gun shells, footpaths) during a survey of the area was 7.35 signs per km, with logging having the greatest impact at the site (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Human settlements are present in the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Signs of farming and former farming activities are present in the site, as well as farm encroachment at its boundaries (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Signs of gold mining found in Kambui North (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|
|Logging roads, footpaths, and motor roads are present (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|7.35 hunting signs per km (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Snares and gun shells present, especially in Kambui North (Brncic et al. 2010). High hunting intensity in the area was already observed in the 1980s (Oates 1999)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Signs of illegal logging have been found throughout the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present
|
|Fire damage in some parts of the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The management of conservation efforts at the site is largely unknown. The site is in great need for increased protection efforts and rehabilitation (Brncic et al. 2010). Currently, there is one [http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-run-whole-community project] aiming to develop community-based forest management at the reserve, which is funded by the Aage V. Jensen Charity Foundation (BirdLife International 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was established as a forest reserve in 1919 (BirdLife International 2018)
|Since 1919
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2018. Kambui Hills Forest: the reserve run by a whole community. Online: http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-run-whole-community<br>
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kambui Hills Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/07/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Oates, J. F. 1999. Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 59-90.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Kambui Hills Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve.
* The chimpanzee population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 212 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging and poaching.
* Conservation work at the reserve consists of achieving long-term community-based forest management.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Located in southeastern Sierra Leone, the site forms part of the Upper Guinea forest ecosystem (Brncic et al. 2010). The [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone site] consist of two blocks, Kambui North (20,348 ha), and Kambui South (880 ha, BirdLife International 2019). The two sections are divided by a main road leading to the town of Kenema. The site is a catchment area for reservoirs that supply water to Kenema and nearby communities (Brncic et al. 2010). The Kambui Hills Forest Reserve is an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]; BirdLife International 2019), and in addition to the high diversity of bird species, other species found at the site include Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), western black-and-white colobus monkey, forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki'', BirdLife International 2019). The vegetation mostly consists of mature secondary moist forest, with semi-deciduous forest on the slopes (BirdLife International 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|212 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|7.92 N, -11.21 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest, Arable Land
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The chimpanzee population size is unknown. Based on the most recent survey of the area (Brncic et al. 2010), there might not be a substantial population within the reserve, which may only be used seasonally by chimpanzees. Chimpanzee nests and signs were found between Kambui North and Kambui South during a survey of the area (Brncic et al. 2010). It is likely that high logging and hunting pressure in the areas have greatly reduced the population (Brncic et al 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|
|
|0.20
|Kambui Hills (152 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|Total survey effort: 20 km. Encounter signs were not nests; only feeding remains and calls recorded
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Signs of human activity are very high in the reserve, particularly in Kambui North. In fact, the encounter rate of human signs (logging, snares, gun shells, footpaths) during a survey of the area was 7.35 signs per km, with logging having the greatest impact at the site (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Human settlements are present in the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Signs of farming and former farming activities are present in the site, as well as farm encroachment at its boundaries (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Signs of gold mining found in Kambui North (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|
|Logging roads, footpaths, and motor roads are present (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present
|7.35 hunting signs per km (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Snares and gun shells present, especially in Kambui North (Brncic et al. 2010). High hunting intensity in the area was already observed in the 1980s (Oates 1999)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|Signs of illegal logging have been found throughout the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present
|
|Fire damage in some parts of the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The management of conservation efforts at the site is largely unknown. The site is in great need for increased protection efforts and rehabilitation (Brncic et al. 2010). Currently, there is one [http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-run-whole-community project] aiming to develop community-based forest management at the reserve, which is funded by the Aage V. Jensen Charity Foundation (BirdLife International 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was established as a forest reserve in 1919 (BirdLife International 2018)
|Since 1919
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Kambui Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2018. Kambui Hills Forest: the reserve run by a whole community. Online: http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/kambui-hills-forest-reserve-run-whole-community<br>
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kambui Hills Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/07/2019.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Oates, J. F. 1999. Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 59-90.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>