1,346
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 1:
Line 1: − <!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION+ − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images − - Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired. − - Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions: − 1) Table structure cannot be changed − 2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists. − 3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". − − + − + + + − + Line 19:
Line 12: + Line 29:
Line 23: − + − − + + + + − + − + − |National park+ − + + + + − + − + − + + + + − + − + − + − ! Method − + + − + − + − + + − + + + − |Present − + + − + + + + + + − |0.27 − |Sapo National Park, excluding south east area − |Line transects (Distance) − + − + + − + − + + − + − + + + + + − |Sapo National Park, excluding south east area − |Line transects (Distance) + − + Line 132:
Line 144: − + − + − + − + − !Quantified severity+ − Line 144:
Line 155: − + − |Illegal settlement of miners (Vogt 2011) − + − | − + − + − |+ − + − − + − |+ − + − − + − + − |Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018)+ − + − − | Line 186:
Line 191: − | Line 193:
Line 197: − | Line 200:
Line 203: − | Line 207:
Line 209: − | Line 214:
Line 215: − | Line 221:
Line 221: − | − + − + Line 234:
Line 233: − + − + − + − + + − + + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + − + − + − + + − + − + − + − |Ongoing (2019) − |- − + − |Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019) − |Ongoing (2019) + + + − |5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols − |Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018) − |Ongoing (2019) − |- − |6. Human intrusion & disturbance − |6.7. Resettle illegal human communities (i.e. in a protected area) to another location − |Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011) − + + − + + − + + − + − |10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management + − |As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018) + − + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + Line 315:
Line 356: − + − = Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − The influx of local community dwellers inside the national park is hampering the SNP management to implement the protection of chimpanzees. Low manpower for conducting anti-poaching patrols in and outside the park has put chimpanzees under serious threat.+ − Very high illiteracy among the rangers thus making it difficult to collect data, process court procedures, and conduct conservation education awareness to local community people.+ − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + − + − + + + − + − + + + − + − + + + − + − + + + + Line 348:
Line 404: − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Line 371:
Line 553: − + − <br><br>
no edit summary
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo National Park]]
[[File: Map_LBR_Sapo_NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Sapo National Park (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
-->
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Sapo National Park]]
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' |
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' |
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sapo National Park.
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Sapo National Park.
* It has been estimated that 1,055 (CI: 595-1,870) individuals occur in the site.
* It has been estimated that 1,055 (CI: 595-1,870) individuals occur in the site.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Located in southeastern Liberia, Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area and represents one of the most intact forest ecosystems of the country (Tweh et al. 2018). The area of the park was extended from 1,304 km² to 1,804 km² in 2003 (Tweh et al. 2018). The park forms part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem, and contains high levels of biodiversity (N'Goran et al. 2010). The park is a low elevation tropical humid rainforest. Elevation in the southeastern area is approximately 100m with gently rolling hills while in the north, the elevation is approximately 400m in the north with steep ridges (Peal & Kranz 1990). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other endangered and vulnerable species inhabit the site, including forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', N'Goran 2010).
Located in southeastern Liberia, Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area and represents one of the most intact forest ecosystems of the country (Tweh et al. 2018). The area of the park was extended from 1,304 km² to 1,804 km² in 2003 (Tweh et al. 2018). The park forms part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem, and contains high levels of biodiversity (N'Goran et al. 2010). The park is a low elevation tropical humid rainforest. Elevation in the southeastern area is approximately 100 m with gently rolling hills while in the north, the elevation is approximately 400 m in the north with steep ridges (Peal & Kranz 1990). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other endangered and vulnerable species inhabit the site, including forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensis''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and Diana monkeys (''Cercopithecus diana diana'', N'Goran 2010).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area: <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
| Area
|1804 km²
|1804 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates <!-- coords -->
|Coordinates
|5.378432, -8.496117
|5.378432, -8.496117
|-
|-
|Designation: <!-- Protected area, Forestry concession, Community reserve -->
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
|Habitat types: <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Governance type
|Governance by government
|-
|Habitat type
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
A survey in 1982 (one year before the establishment of the park), confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the Sapo forest (Anderson et al. 1983). Based on the estimates from two surveys, one in 2009 (N'Goran et al. 2010) and a second one in 2017 (Tweh et al. 2018), the chimpanzee population in the park has remained relatively stable, with an estimated abundance of approximately 1,055 individuals.
A survey in 1982 (one year before the establishment of the park), confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in the Sapo forest (Anderson et al. 1983). Based on the estimates from two surveys, one in 2009 (N'Goran et al. 2010) and a second one in 2017 (Tweh et al. 2018), the chimpanzee population in the park has remained relatively stable, with an estimated abundance of approximately 1,055 individuals.
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Sapo National Park'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Occurrence
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Survey area
! Encounter rate
! Sampling method
! Area
! Analytical framework
! Source
! Source
! Comments
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|Western chimpanzee
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1983
|1983
|Present
|
|
|0.24
|0.24
|Present
|
|Southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)
|Southeastern sector (50 km²)
|Line transects (Distance)
|Line transects
|
|Anderson et al. 1983
|Anderson et al. 1983
|Total survey effort: 42.7 km
|Total survey effort: 42.7 km
|
|
|-
|-
|Western chimpanzee
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2002
|2002
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|Sapo National Park
|Sapo National Park
|Line transects (Distance)
|Line transects
|
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
|
|
|-
|-
|Western chimpanzee
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2007-2009
|2007-2009
|Present
|0.27
|
|
|
|Sapo National Park, excluding southeast area
|Line transects
|
|
|Vogt 2011
|Vogt 2011
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
|
|
|-
|-
|Western chimpanzee
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|2009
|1079 (CI: 713-1633)
|Present
|4.05
|0.86
|0.86
|4.05
|1079 (713-1633)
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
|Sapo National Park, excluding mining areas
|Line transects (Distance)
|Line transects
|
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Western chimpanzee
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016-2017
|2016-2017
|1055 (CI: 595-1870)
|Present
|
|0.83
|0.83
|1055 (595-1870)
|Sapo National Park, excluding southeast area
|Line transects
|
|
|Tweh et al. 2018
|Tweh et al. 2018
|Total survey effort: 38.38 km
|Total survey effort: 38.38 km
|
|
|}
|}
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Sapo National Park has been primarily threatened by illegal hunting and mining (Tweh et al. 2018; Greengrass 2015; N'Goran et al. 2010). An estimated 18,000 illegal miners were inhabiting the park in 2010, the majority of which was evicted by the government on the same year (Vogt 2011). A survey of two commercial hunting camps bordering the park revealed high hunting pressure in the area, and the majority of bushmeat harvested was destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). The carcasses documented during this survey included chimpanzees as well as other endangered and vulnerable species, such as the red colobus monkey, Diana monkey, and pygmy hippopotamus. Furthermore, the development of the road network around the park is expected to increase hunting pressure and facilitate the bushmeat trade (Greengrass 2015), as well as other illegal activities in the park.
Sapo National Park has been primarily threatened by illegal hunting and mining (Tweh et al. 2018; Greengrass 2015; N'Goran et al. 2010). An estimated 18,000 illegal miners were inhabiting the park in 2010, the majority of which was evicted by the government in the same year (Vogt 2011). A survey of two commercial hunting camps bordering the park revealed high hunting pressure in the area, and the majority of bushmeat harvested was destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). The carcasses documented during this survey included chimpanzees as well as other endangered and vulnerable species, such as the red colobus monkey, Diana monkey, and pygmy hippopotamus. Furthermore, the development of the road network around the park is expected to increase hunting pressure and facilitate the bushmeat trade (Greengrass 2015), as well as other illegal activities in the park.
<div><ul>
<div><ul>
</ul></div>
</ul></div>
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Sapo National Park'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level
!Description
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|-
|-
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|High
|18,000 settlers in 2010
|Illegal settlement of miners; 18,000 settlers in 2010 (Vogt 2011).
|2010
|2010
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present
|Present (severity unknown)
|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010)
|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|2010-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|3.2.3 Artisanal mining
|High
|High
|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junker personal. comm. 2019).
|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019)
|2010-Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing ( 2019)
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|Present (severity unknown)
|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015).
|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015)
|2015-Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
|High
|High
|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015). Hunting sign encounter rate: 1.7/km (Tweh et al. 2018).
|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015)
|2010-Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2010, 2015, 2018)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|High
|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011)
|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011)
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Forestry Development Authority of Liberia is responsible for the sustainable management of the forest sector and the protection of all natural resources. It runs the Sapo National Park in collaboration with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Main activities at the national park level include anti-poaching, conservation education awareness, and bio-monitoring & scientific research. As of 2019, the main activities in the research area have been camera trappings (2019,2020, 2021) by FFI and FDA in the entire national park. eDNA (focusing on Pygmy hippopotamus) was conducted in 2022. The national park forms part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, which is a conservation priority in West Africa. Conservation efforts in Sapo National Park have mainly focused on law enforcement, conservation awareness, and bio-monitoring. The WCF has supported Community Watch Teams (CWT), which comprise members from surrounding communities, and regularly patrol and support FDA rangers (WCF 2019). CWTs have played an important role in the eviction of illegal miners from the national park (WCF 2019). In 2012, Fauna & Flora International established a long-term bio-monitoring program to follow the population trends for chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses, elephants, as well as duikers, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Tweh et al. 2018). Together with Liberia's Forestry Development Authority, permanent transects are surveyed twice a year as part of this long-term bio-monitoring program (Tweh et al. 2018).
The Forestry Development Authority of Liberia is responsible for the sustainable management of the forest sector and the protection of all natural resources. It runs the Sapo National Park in collaboration with Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Main activities at the national park level include anti-poaching, conservation education awareness, and bio-monitoring & scientific research. As of 2019, the main activities in the research area have been camera trappings (2019,2020, 2021) by FFI and FDA in the entire national park. eDNA (focusing on Pygmy hippopotamus) was conducted in 2022. The national park forms part of the Tai-Grebo-Sapo Forest Complex, which is a conservation priority in West Africa. Conservation efforts in Sapo National Park have mainly focused on law enforcement, conservation awareness, and bio-monitoring. The WCF has supported Community Watch Teams (CWT), which comprise members from surrounding communities, and regularly patrol and support FDA rangers (WCF 2019). CWTs have played an important role in the eviction of illegal miners from the national park (WCF 2019). In 2012, Fauna & Flora International established a long-term bio-monitoring program to follow the population trends for chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses, elephants, as well as duikers, birds, reptiles, and amphibians (Tweh et al. 2018). Together with Liberia's Forestry Development Authority, permanent transects are surveyed twice a year as part of this long-term bio-monitoring program (Tweh et al. 2018).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo National Park'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description
!Year of activity <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Implementing organization
!Year of activity
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Development impact mitigation
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
|Not reported
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019).
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Members of the Community Watch Teams are trained in the use of equipment (GPS, compass, camera) and patrolling (WCF 2019).
|Wild Chimpanzee Foundation
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Long-term bio-monitoring of chimpanzee population (Tweh et al. 2018)
|
|
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Species health
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Education & awareness
|Not reported
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|
|As part of a long-term bio-monitoring program, staff of Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority and members of the local community are involved in the surveys (Tweh et al. 2018).
|
|
|2018-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Protection & restoration
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Community Watch Teams supported by the WCF regularly patrol the site (WCF 2019)
|The area is designated as a National Park.
|
|
|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|1983-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|5. Protection & restoration
|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location
|Eviction of 18,000 illegal settlers in the park by the Liberia's government (Vogt 2011).
|
|
|2010
|2010
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|6. Species management
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|7. Economic & other incentives
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|8. Permanent presence
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|}
[[Conservation activities]]
|Ongoing (2018)
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
The influx of local community dwellers inside the national park is hampering the SNP management to implement the protection of chimpanzees. Low manpower for conducting anti-poaching patrols in and outside the park has put chimpanzees under serious threat.
Very high illiteracy among the rangers thus making it difficult to collect data, process court procedures, and conduct conservation education awareness to local community people.
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Challenge
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|1. Site management
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
|The area is designated as National Park (N’Goran et al. 2010)
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
|Ongoing (2010)
|Unknown
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|2. Resources & capacity
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Unknown
|-
|2. Resources & capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
|Unknown
|-
|3. Engaged community
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
|Unknown
|-
|5. Ecological context
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|6. Safety & stability
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Challenges]]
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Enabler
!Source
!Year(s)
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sapo National Park'''
|-
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
|1. Site management
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
|Not reported
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|
|
|-
|2. Resources & capacity
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|3. Engaged community
|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|Lack of technical means
|4. Institutional support
|Tweh et al. 2018
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|Lack of logistical means
|5. Ecological context
|Waitkuwait 2003
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|Conflict on land tenure
|6. Safety & stability
|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Enablers]]
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Sapo National Park'''
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Sapo National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|Nut cracking
|Nut cracking
|Anderson et al. 1983
|Anderson et al. 1983
|-
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sapo National Park'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|25.9
|26.9
|26.8
|26.9
|28
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2893
|2882
|3001
|2921
|2958
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|17.5
|21
|16.9
|20.4
|19.1
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.9
|12.5
|14.3
|14.1
|15.6
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Sapo National Park'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|2
|0.04
|1
|0.04
|1
|0.04
|6
|0.04
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|13
|100
|10.5
|100
|17.5
|100
|15
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|1
|4.2
|0.5
|0.92
|0.5
|0.08
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|1
|1.36
|0
|0
|0.5
|1
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.44
|30
|0.38
|29
|0.46
|29
|0.41
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly Sapo NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Sapo National Park]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly Sapo NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Sapo National Park]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
= References =
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp. <br>
Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J.M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker, J. 2018. Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation 2018 (32): 12 pp. <br>
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire. <br>
N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C.Y. and Herbinger I. 2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009). Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire. <br>
Central Africa. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union.
Central Africa. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union.
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' Ben Tally & A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/01/23 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by:''' Ben Tally & A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/01/23 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->