Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

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Summary

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Leaflet

• Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve.
• The population size is unknown.
• The population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 409.82 km².
• Key threats to great apes
• Conservation activities are not reported.

Site characteristics

The site is located in southwestern Cameroon and it is contiguous with Korup National Park. The name Nkwende means "a water source for animals" in Ejagham (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015). The highest peak at the site is about 737 m above sea level. Part of the reserve extends to the Okoroba village, where rock formations, commonly known as "chimpanzee stone" to the locals, are alleged to be a refuge to chimpanzees. The forest around the villages is secondary forest due to logging and agricultural activities, but primary forests still exist in higher altitudes (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015).

Table 1. Basic site information for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Species	'Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area	409.82 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 5.410812 , Lon: 9.270493
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

A 2002-2004 survey recorded the presence of chimpanzees; gorillas were not encountered (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007). According to a later study, chimpanzees are locally extinct (Bobo, Ntumwel & Aghomo 2013).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes	2002-2004		0.72, 0.17, 4.3			Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve	Reconnaissance walk		Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007
Gorilla gorilla gorilla	2002-2004		0			Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve	Reconnaissance walk		Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007).	Ongoing (2007)
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture		Unknown
3 Energy production & mining		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
7 Natural system modifications		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

BOBO, K. S., NTUMWEL, C. B., & AGHOMO, M. F. (2013). 1. LOCAL PERCEPTION ON WILDLIFE USES AND RELATED LOSS OF CULTURAL VALUES AROUND THE NKWENDE HILLS FOREST RESERVE_ SOUTH-WEST CAMEROON By K. SERGE BOBO_ C. BONITO NTUMWEL AND MF FLORENCE AGHOMO. Life sciences Leaflets, 39, 1-to.

Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11(1), 1-24.

Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. Oryx, 41(2), 255-262.

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