Southern Tanganyika

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Summary

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• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Southern Tanganyika.
• It has been estimated that approximately 100 chimpanzees are found in the site.
• The population trend is unknown.
• Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, fires, and agricultural expansion.
• Conservation activities have focused on monitoring the population.
• The area holds the most southerly wild chimpanzee population in Africa.

Site characteristics

The site is located in western Tanzania, along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika. The chimpanzee population in this area represents the most southerly wild chimpanzee population in Africa (TAWIRI 2018). The region contains large tracts of intact woodland characterised by Brachystegia sp. and Julbernardia spp. that provide high-quality habitat for a variety of species, including chimpanzees, savanna elephants and zebras (TAWIRI 2018).

Table 1. Basic site information for Southern Tanganyika

Species	'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Area
Coordinates	Lat: -7.937187 , Lon: 30.970704
Type of site	Non-protected area
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Grassland
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Approximately 100 chimpanzees survive in the area, which spans from the south of Kipili to the north of Kalambo Falls, across two protected areas i.e., Lwafi Game Reserve and Loasi Forest Reserve. However, most of them are found outside protected areas (TAWIRI 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Southern Tanganyika

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii							Unknown

Threats

Chimpanzees in the area are highly threatened by habitat loss. Destruction and degradation of their habitat, especially loss of riparian forest, comes from the expansion of agricultural activities and logging for timber and charcoal production (TAWIRI 2018).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Southern Tanganyika

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Forests and grasslands are cleared for commercial agriculture (WCS n.d., TAWIRI 2018).	Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Logging related to charcoal and timber production (WCS n.d., TAWIRI 2018).	Ongoing (2018)
7 Natural system modifications	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	Present (unknown severity)	Uncontrolled fires (WCS n.d.).	Ongoing
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
3 Energy production & mining		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The area is included in WCS' Southern Highlands Conservation Program, which was set up in 2000 to conserve key upland habitats and endangered species across southwest Tanzania (WCS n.d.). Chimpanzees are the focus of research and monitoring along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika, and the first nationwide census and assessment of their habitat has been performed (WCS n.d.). The IUCN's "Eastern Chimpanzee Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020" and the "Tanzania Chimpanzee Conservation Action Plan 2018-2023" identified southern Tanganyka as an important target for conservation actions (TAWIRI 2018, Plumptre et al. 2010).

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Southern Tanganyika

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Southern Tanganyika

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Southern Tanganyika

Behavior	Source
Not reported

External links

WCS - Southern Highlands

References

TAWIRI. (2018). Tanzania Chimpanzee Conservation Action Plan 2018-2023. TAWIRI Contact: info@tawiri.or.tz

WCS (n.d.). Landscapes: The Southern Highlands. https://tanzania.wcs.org/Landscapes/Southern-Highlands.aspx

Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp.

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