Bia Conservation Area

West Africa > Ghana > Bia Conservation Area

Cite as: Danquah, E., Ofori-Amanfo, R. & Papa Kwaw Quansah (2023) Bia Conservation Area. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Bia_Conservation_Area

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Summary

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• Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in the Bia Conservation Area.
• The population size is estimated at 34 weaned individuals.
• The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
• The site has a total size of 306 km².
• Illegal hunting is the main threat.
• Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols.

Site characteristics

The Bia Conservation Area (BCA) forms a 306km2 block in the moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forest zones of western Ghana, between the Bia River and the border with Côte d’Ivoire. BCA encompasses Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve; Bia National Park is 78 km2 and Bia Resource Reserve is 228 km2. The BCA was originally part of a larger (about 1500km2) ecosystem for forest elephants known as the Bia Group of Forest Reserves. However, the Bia elephant range has reduced over time due to clearance for cocoa cultivation, and is now an isolated population in an ecological island of forest with hard boundaries and no transitional zone to farmland (PADP 2001). It is planned for the entire area to be upgraded to national park status (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Conservation Area

Species	'Pan troglodytes verus
Area	306 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 6.481132 , Lon: -3.112847
Type of site	Conservation area
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Chimpanzee captured on a camera trap © Richard Ofori-Amanfo

Ape status

Wildlife patrol team encounters with chimpanzee signs indicate a decreasing trend (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bia Conservation Area

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus	2019-2020				34	Bia Conservation Area	Line transects		Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers comm. 2023	Estimate for weaned individuals

Bia National Park headquarters © Papa Kwaw Quansah

Threats

A total of 3,721 illegal human signs which are threats to the subspecies were recorded in 2021 and provided an overall encounter rate of 5.69 human signs per a kilometre walk. Three major threats among these were cartridge case (45.9%), wire snare (29.4%) and illegal logging (14.2%) (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022). Poachers still hunt in the park and set snares that also affect chimpanzees. Although poaching is not very frequent, it is a main threat because of the site’s low chimpanzee population abundance. Farm raids by wildlife resulting in human-wildlife conflict with elephants the most but chimpanzees are also involved. And with chimpanzees being low in numbers compared to elephants, it means a major threat to the chimpanzee population (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bia Conservation Area

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development		Absent
3 Energy production & mining		Absent
4 Transportation & service corridors		Absent
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Habitat encroachment due to agriculture (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).	1974-Ongoing (2023)
7 Natural system modifications	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Hunting for tree Hyrax with the use of fires, resulting sometimes in bushfires (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).	1935-Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Cartridge cases and wire snares (Danquah, E. pers. comm. 2022). Poaching of wildlife which includes illegal entry with guns to kill wildlife and setting of traps like wire snares (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).	1935-Ongoing (2023)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Bia Conservation Area is a protected area so there are dedicated staff who patrol inside the Park to protect the resources including the chimpanzees. There is also a community outreach team that goes to the communities to educate them about the need to conserve natural resources including the chimpanzees. Ghana's Wildlife Division is responsible for maintaining law and order within the protected area.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bia Conservation Area

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	Wildlife patrol teams regularly conduct law enforcement duties within and around the protected area (Danquah, E., 2022). Anti-poaching operations (day, night and long patrols) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).		1974-Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness	4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use	Conservation education and outreach programmes in communities around the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).		2000-Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness	4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management	Communities around the park are aggregated into 10 Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) where they have a constitution and management plans backed by the local government to regulate the use of their natural resources and also help protect the protected area from human entering (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).		1974-Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat			1935-Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration	5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas	Fifty (50) missing, broken and defaced boundary pillars replaced (out of a total of 115 boundary pillar points identified) to properly demarcate and delineate the park from fringe farms and prevent encroachment into the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).		2020
7 Economic & other incentives	7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)	Tropenbos Ghana, UNESCO, NCRC, and SNV Ghana support income generating activities such as beekeeping and honey processing, palm oil processing, soap production, snail farming, and mushroom cultivation (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).		1993-Ongoing (2023)
7 Economic & other incentives	7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)	Provision of school and other infrastructural development (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).		1974-Ongoing (2023)
7 Economic & other incentives	7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)	The park has been employing community people around the park as staff since the park was established in 1974 up till now. In the last 5 years the park has employed about 10 people in communities surrounding the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).		1974-Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The Ghana Wildlife Division has few staff and resources to conduct effective and regular anti-poaching activities within and around the protected area. Inadequate staff, field equipment, vehicles etc. hinder effective protection of the chimpanzees.

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Conservation Area

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management	1.2 Need for improved coordination	Danquah, E. pers. observation 2022
2 Resources and capacity	2.3 General lack of funding	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.2 Lack of staff	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.7 Lack of infrastructure	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.8 Lack of evidence of conservation effectiveness	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.7 Lack of infrastructure	Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bia Conservation Area

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Bia Conservation Area is part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bia Conservation Area

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

Page created by: Emmanuel Danquah, Richard Ofori-Amanfo & Papa Kwaw Quansah Date: NA