Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

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Summary

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• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Bugoma Central Forest Reserve.
• The chimpanzee population size is unknown; the density in 2006 was 1.99 individuals per km².
• The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 400 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and clearing land for agriculture.
• Conservation activities have focused on providing clean water access and raising conservation awareness.

© Cat Hobaiter

Site characteristics

Table 1. Basic site information for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Species	'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Area	400 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 1.304 , Lon: 31.016
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

In 2006, the density of chimpanzees was estimated to be 1.99 chimpanzees/km² (Plumptre & Cox 2006).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	2006			1.99		Bugoma Forest	Line transects		Plumptre & Cox 2006	Survey effort: 511.2 km

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development		Absent
3 Energy production & mining		Absent
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Absent
7 Natural system modifications		Absent
9 Pollution		Absent
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Present (unknown severity)	Encroachment of forest habitat for farming affecting the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020). Sugarcane companies are clearing land within the reserve (Lewton 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Present (unknown severity)	Busy dirt road cuts through the main forest block and divides chimpanzees' (and other species') territory - danger from speeding vehicles (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Present (unknown severity)	Snares placed for duiker and bush pigs also trap chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are also directly targeted by hunters (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Present (unknown severity)	Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species. Trees illegally felled for charcoal burning and firewood, particularly around the boundaries (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.4 Pathogens	Present (unknown severity)	Respiratory outbreaks. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
11 Climate change & severe weather	11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration	Present (unknown severity)	Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project was established in 2015, and works in collaboration with local communities surrounding the reserve on a number of conservation activities, including school classes, plastic waste recycling, and clean water programs.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
4 Education & awareness	4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions	The Bugoma Primate Conservation Project visits local schools and communities to talk about the Bugoma Forest, and hold conservation film nights (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.)		Ongoing
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat			Ongoing
7 Economic & other incentives	7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)	Clean water access program (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project n.d.)		Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
6 Safety and stability	6.3 Civil unrest/war	Hobaiter & Gruber pers. comm. 2020

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Following initial surveys in 2015, systematic habituation of chimpanzee communities started in 2016 and is ongoing. Several groups of Ugandan mangabey are already habituated. Systematic data collection on chimpanzee behaviour, forest tree phenology, illegal activities, rainfall, and temperature are collected by the Bugoma Primate Conservation Project.

Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bugoma Central Forest Reserve

Behavior	Source
Not reported

External links

Bugoma Primate Conservation Project

Bugoma Primate Conservation Project on Twitter

References

Lewton, T. (2020, November 5). Uganda environment authority greenlights clearing of Bugoma Forest. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/11/uganda-environment-authority-greenlights-clearing-of-bugoma-forest/

Plumptre, A.J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47, 65-73.

Bugoma Primate Conservation Project (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://bugomaprimates.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/research/

Page created by: Cat Hobaiter & Thibaud Gruber Date: NA