Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

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Summary

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• Central Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) are present in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park.
• It has been estimated that 675 individuals occur in the site.
• The orangutan population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 1,810 km².
• Key threats to orangutans are illegal logging and hunting.
• Conservation activities have focused on providing affordable healthcare, monitoring of illegal activities by community members, reintroduction of orangutans.
• The site is a release site for rehabilitated orangutans.

Site characteristics

Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park is located on the Schwaner mountains between West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, Indonesia. The land is dominated by lower mountain forest, lowland evergreen forest and upper mountain forest (BirdLife International 2022).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Species	'Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
Area	1,810 km²
Coordinates	Lat: -0.662290 , Lon: 112.677723
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Based on the 2007-2017 Indonesian Action Plan, the estimated orangutan population in Bukit Baka (350 sq km) was 175 individuals, and in Bukit Raya (500 sq km) 500 individuals (Ministry of Forestry 2009).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii							Unknown

Threats

Illegal logging and hunting represent primary sources of income for neighbouring communities (Finley 2019).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Slash-and-burn rice cultivation, rubber tree plantations (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal hunting (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal logging (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
3 Energy production & mining		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
7 Natural system modifications		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The park is a critical release site for rehabilitated orangutans.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
4 Education & awareness	4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management	Health in Harmony selected nine community members to become “forest guardians” who monitor illegal logging activity and help their neighbours access health services (Finley 2019).		Ongoing (2019)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	The site is classified as a National Park.		Ongoing (2022)
6 Species management	6.8 Reintroduction of apes (captively-bred or rehabilitated indviduals)	Since 2016, the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation has worked in collaboration with the National Park authorities, the Central Kalimantan BKSDA, and USAID LESTARI to facilitate the release of rehabilitated orangutans, and three wild orangutans that were translocated from conflict areas (BOS Foundation).		Ongoing
7 Economic & other incentives	7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)	Health In Harmony provides accessible and affordable healthcare, as well as workshops in composting and soil regeneration (Health in Harmony).		Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2022.

Finley, N. (2019, June 12). Out on a limb: Unlikely collaboration boosts orangutans in Borneo. Mongabay Series: Great Apes. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/out-on-a-limb-unlikely-collaboration-boosts-orangutans-in-borneo/

Ministry of Forestry. (2009). Orangutan Indonesia Conservation Strategies and Action Plan 2007-2017. Jakarta, Indonesia. https://www.iucngreatapes.org/_files/ugd/16b29f_747d55ccae744ecfba2b86c42ef64cc0.pdf

Page created by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: NA