Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

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Summary

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• Eastern Black Gibbons (Nomascus nasutus) are present in Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area.
• It has been estimated that 100-130 individuals occur in the site.
• The gibbon population trend is stable.
• The site has a total size of 16.56 km².
• Key threats to gibbons are habitat degradation, timber extraction.
• Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising, and regular patrols.

Site characteristics

The Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area is located in the Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province, Vietnam, bordering China. The population is believed to be confined to this area and therefore is of high international and national importance for gibbon conservation. The population was rediscovered by FFI Vietnamese scientists in 2002 in a small fragmented forest (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 1. Basic site information for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Species	'Nomascus nasutus
Area	16.56 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 22.883148 , Lon: 106.704305
Type of site	Conservation area
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Gibbons were first recorded in the area in 2002. In 2007 a gibbon census recorded 17 groups of 94 to 96 individuals; including the groups in China, the total population was estimated at 18 groups of 110 individuals (Rawson et al. 2011). In 2009 Chinese researchers in Jingxi County, Guangxi Province observed the formation of a new group along the border. Other gibbons surveys have been conducted in 2007, 2006, and 2002, however, due to differing survey efforts, objectives (e.g. training local patrol staff, rapid assessment), seasonal variation, survey results cannot be directly compared. Nevertheless, the population trend is increasing (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Species	Year	Total number indiv. (95% CI)	Total number groups (95% CI)	Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID	NA	NA
Nomascus nasutus	2002			5	26-28	Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area	Unknown		Geissmann et al. 2002

Threats

The small size of the site, limited extent of gibbon habitat and ongoing (but decreasing) degradation of habitat are the main threats to gibbons. Local communities extract timber from the site for fuelwood, waterwheels, house construction and other domestic use, and they collect non-timber forest products and food for livestock. Due to their small population size, gibbons are vulnerable to stochastic events such as fire, disease or reduced gene flow. In addition, climate change may impact the extent and composition of remaining gibbon habitat (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
5 Biological resource use	5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants	Present (unknown severity)	Collection of non-timber forest products and food for livestock (Rawson et al. 2011).	Ongoing (2011)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Present (unknown severity)	Extraction of timber for fuelwood, waterwheels, house construction and other domestic use (Rawson et al. 2011).	Ongoing (2011)
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture		Unknown
3 Energy production & mining		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
7 Natural system modifications		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area was designated in Trung Khanh District in 2007. In 2009 a contiguous nature reserve was designated in Jingxi County, China. FFI has worked with local government agencies and communities in both Trung Khanh District and Jingxi County since 2003 and 2006 respectively (Rawson et al. 2011).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	With support from IUCN SOS Gibbons, FFI and the FPD conduct regular patrols to protect the gibbon population and the conservation area (Ali, N. 2022).		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols	During patrols the rangers collect data using the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) (Ali, N. 2022).		Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

The Cao-vit Gibbon Conservation Team, which consists of 11 members including government staff and people from local communities, conduct regular monitoring of the gibbon population in the conservation area. A novel method being piloted in the area is acoustic monitoring. FFI has deployed 50 audio moths across the entire range of the gibbon population in the conservation area. Data collected by these devices will help to improve the accuracy of population survey and monitoring results (Ali, N. 2022).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area

Behavior	Source
Not reported

External links

FFI

References

Ali, Noor (Dec 06, 2022). Saving the Cao-vit Gibbon in northern Vietnam. Online: https://www.iucn.org/blog/202212/saving-cao-vit-gibbon-northern-vietnam

Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam

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