Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

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Summary

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• Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in the Greater Ulu Kalumpang, which includes Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf protected areas.
• The population was estimated at 487 individuals between 2007-2010.
• The population trend is unknown.
• Forest conversion into plantations is a major threat to orangutans in the area.
• Different habitat restoration projects have been implemented in the landscape.

Site characteristics

The area comprises Ulu Kalumpang Forest reserve, Tawau National Park and Mount Wullersdorf Forest Reserve.

Table 1. Basic site information for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Species	'Pongo pygmaeus morio
Area	872.57 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 4.5248267 , Lon: 117.6373404
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve, National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance	Governance by government

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2007-2010		3.53	0.54	487 (350-694)	Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, Tawau Hills Park, Mount Wullersdorfs)	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)	Distance sampling	Alfred et al. 2023	The abundance and density estimations are based on a mixed method between line transect and aerial surveys while the encounter rate is only based on aerial index (3.53 nest/km). The encounter rate using line transect is 2.11 nest/km (Alfred et al. 2023).
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2007-2010		4.46		330 (246-457)	Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)	Distance sampling	Alfred et al. 2023	The abundance and density estimations are based on a mixed method between line transect and aerial surveys while the encounter rate is only based on aerial index (4.46 nest/km). The encounter rate using line transect is 1.00 nest/km (Alfred et al. 2023).
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2007-2010		1.94		99 (66-157)	Tawau Hills Park	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)	Distance sampling	Alfred et al. 2023	The abundance and density estimations are based on a mixed method between line transect and aerial surveys while the encounter rate is only based on aerial index (1.94 nest/km). The encounter rate using line transect is 3.00 nest/km (Alfred et al. 2023).
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2007-2010		2.09		57 (39-80)	Mount Wullersdorf	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)	Distance sampling	Alfred et al. 2023	The abundance and density estimations are based on a mixed method between line transect and aerial surveys while the encounter rate is only based on aerial index (2.09 nest/km). The encounter rate using line transect is 1.00 nest/km (Alfred et al. 2023).

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Illegal hunting was found in some forests in Sabah including Tawau Hills Park (Daily Express, 2013).	2013-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Forest conversion into plantations causing habitat fragmentation which can prevent proper gene-flow (Alfred et al. 2023).	1994-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Logging and timber extraction are threats to orangutan populations as it reduces food availability and eliminate ecological corridors (Alfred et al. 2023)	1994-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Oil palm plantations in Malaysia have contributed to deforestation (Aljazeera 2023).	1973- Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Half of Tawau landscape has been deforested by oil palm plantations (WWF 2024).	Unknown
3 Energy production & mining	3.2.1 Industrial mining	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	There are 2 mining blocks comprised of 720 ha and 228 ha of Mount Wullersdorf and Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve (Southsea Gold Sdn Bhd 2015)	2015-Ongoing (2024)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)	Reforestation project with local communities in Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve. The reforestation approach uses agroforestry on smallholder oil palm plantations (WWF 2003)	UKAS community farmers, the Sabah Forestry Department, the Department of Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, and local NGOs, Forever Sabah and WWF-Malaysia, the Ulu Kalumpang Community River Riparian Restoration Project	2023-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)	Reforestation to connect Tawau Hills Park, Gemok Hill and Quoin Hill Forest in Sabah, Malaysia. The activity was named #Plant4Tawau (1stopborneo n.d)	1StopBorneo	2021
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)	Restoration of 150 ha of fragmented areas by planting 23,000 seedlings (WWF 2024).	WWF and Sabah Forestry Department	2024

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management	1.2 Need for improved coordination	Poor implementation of conservation strategies in commercial forest reserves (Alfred et al. 2023)	Unknown

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Greater Ulu Kalumpang (Ulu Kalumpang, Tawau, and Mount Wullersdorf)

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

1StopBorneo. (n.d). Reforestation. https://www.1stopborneo.org/reforestation

Alfred, R., Alfred, R., Luaran, N., Lourdin, R. V., & Pailus, R. H. (2023, December). Estimating Orangutans Population Size in Sabah Rainforest in Malaysia Using Spatial Modelling. In International Conference on Advances in Computational Science and Engineering (pp. 99-127). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

Aljazeera. (2023). Can Plantations Value More Than Profit? Some in Malaysia Think So. https://rainforestjournalismfund.org/stories/can-plantations-value-more-profit-some-malaysia-think-so

Daily Express. (2023). Proof of poaching, including in Maliau! https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/87362/proof-of-poaching-including-in-maliau-/

Southsea Gold Sdn Bhd. (2015). TOR: Special EIA on gold mining at Mt Wullersdorf, Tawau, Sabah. https://epd.sabah.gov.my/v3/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Tor-Sgd-15-001_compressed.pdf

WWF. (2023). Ulu Kalumpang Community River Riparian Restoration: Empowering Smallholders Through Innovative Agroforestry. https://www.wwf.org.my/?31745/Ulu-Kalumpang-Community-River-Riparian-Restoration-Empowering-Smallholders-Through-Innovative-Agroforestry#:~:text=Made%20possible%20by%20funding%20and,Hamka%20Kasma%20(UKAS%20smallholder).

WWF. (2024). World Orangutan Day 2024. https://www.wwf.org.uk/learn/world-days/world-orangutan-day#:~:text=The%20restoration%20of%20Mount%20Wullersdorf&text=Together%20with%20WWF%2DMalaysia%2C%20we,catchment%20capacity%20for%20local%20communities.

Page created by: Cristiar Samosir Date: 2024-11-28 11:33:00