Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

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Summary

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• Eastern Hoolock Gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) and Western Hoolock Gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) are present in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary .
• The population size is unknown.
• The gibbon population trend is stable.
• The site has a total size of 21,802 km².
• Gibbons are mainly threatened by commercial hunting.
• Conservation activities include biomonitoring, patrolling, and environmental education.

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  © WCS MP_AYTun
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  Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary © WCS MP_AYTun
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  © WCS MP_AYTun

Site characteristics

Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (HVWS), also known as Hukaung Tiger Reserve, is located in northwestern Myanmar. The site was established in 2001 and is currently in the tentative list for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage site. Due to its large size, connection to other protected areas, and diversity of forest types and elevations, HVWS contains a diverse assemblage of wildlife. HVWS includes many threatened and wide-ranging species such as the Asian Elephant, Tiger, and Rufous-necked Hornbill. The Hoolock Gibbon and Shortridge’s Langur are also present (UNESCO 2014).

Table 1. Basic site information for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Species	'Hoolock leuconedys, Hoolock hoolock
Area	21,802.53 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 26.168635 , Lon: 95.986726
Type of site	Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Grassland
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

© WCS MP_AYTun

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Species	Year	Total number indiv. (95% CI)	Total number groups (95% CI)	Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID	NA	NA
Hoolock leuconedys	2005-2006		2.81			Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary	Auditory survey method		Htun et al. 2006
Hoolock leuconedys & Hoolock hoolock	2016	Present				Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary	Camera trap, Full count		NWCD/WCS 2016	Gibbon Face photo taking and collect faecal for DNA Analysis

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	Present (unknown severity)	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)	Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Present (unknown severity)	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)	Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use	5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants	Present (unknown severity)	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)	Ongoing (2023)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Present (unknown severity)	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)	Ongoing (2023)
11 Climate change & severe weather	11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration	Present (unknown severity)	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)	Ongoing (2023)
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
7 Natural system modifications		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

WCS established an Eastern Hoolock gibbon conservation project for population monitoring and community outreach at a number of protected areas, including Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Thompson et al. 2023).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023, Thompson et al. 2023)		2019-Ongoing (2023)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)		Ongoing (2023)
4 Education & awareness	4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)		Ongoing (2023)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	The site is a protected area.		2001-Ongoing (2023)
8 Permanent presence	8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager	(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)		Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Challenge to the implementation of conservation activities include armed conflict and limited financial resources, as well as the challenge of protecting such a huge area (Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
6 Safety and stability	6.3 Civil unrest/war	Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023
2 Resources and capacity	2.3 General lack of funding	Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

Htun, S., Aung, Z. H., Naing, W., Khaing, Z. W., Htay, T., Tun, N. L., ... & Moe, T. K. (2006). Final Report on conservation of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in the Hukaung Tiger Reserve, north Myanmar: Population surveys, threat assessment and conservation outreach, September 2006. Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, and Wildlife Conservation Society–Myanmar Program, Yangon.

Thompson, C., Lwin, N., Aung, P. P., Aung, T. H., Htike, T. S. M., San, A. M., ... & Evans, T. S. (2023). The status of primates and primatology in Myanmar. Global Ecology and Conservation, e02662.

UNESCO (2014). Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. Online: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5875/

Page created by: Ko Aung Ye Tun Date: NA