Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

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Summary

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Leaflet

• Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are present in Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve.
• The population size is unknown.
• The population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 4,850 km².
• Key threats to bonobos are hunting and conversion of natural habitat for agriculture.
• Conservation activities have focused on providing benefits to the local community.

Site characteristics

The site was established as a community-based nature reserve in 2009 (Surbeck, Coxe & Lokasola 2017). Besides bonobos, the site is inhabited by various duiker species (e.g. blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis and Peter’s duiker Cephalophus callipygus), monkeys (e.g. red-tailed monkeys Cercopithecus ascanius, Wolf’s mona monkey Cercopithecus wolfi and De Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus), red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), sitatungas (Tragelaphus spekii), aardvarks (Orycteropus afer), tree pangolins (Phataginus tricuspis), golden cats (Felis aurata) and leopards (Panthera pardus).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Species	'Pan paniscus
Area	4,850 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 0.416667 , Lon: 22.966667
Type of site	Non-protected area
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

• 

  Kokolopori forest © Stefano Lucchesi
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  Yete village © Stefano Lucchesi
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  Hunting trap © Stefano Lucchesi

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan paniscus							Unknown

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development		Absent
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Absent
7 Natural system modifications		Absent
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Absent
9 Pollution		Absent
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Hunting, mainly with snares and traps, but also guns (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Artisanal gold mining next to rivers, low intensity and small scale (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Slash-and-burn agriculture aimed at opening fields for self-sustenance (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Present (unknown severity)	Wide dirt road crossing bonobo ranges (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The establishment of the reserve resulted as a collaborative effort among the DRC government, the ICCN, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative, the local NGO Vie Sauvage, and the residents of Kokolopori (BCI 2020).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
7 Economic & other incentives	7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)	The BCI and Vie Sauvage initiated the Bonobo Health Clinic, funded by the Indigo Foundation. The Bonobo Health Clinic provides health-care to the local community (Indigo Foundation 2020). The Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project also supports local education by constructing schools in the surrounding communities.		2007-Ongoing (2020)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

The Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project explores the behavioural diversity and feeding ecology of the bonobo population in Kokolopori. The research team has fully habituated two bonobo groups, which are followed on a daily basis since 2016. In 2018, the team also started to habituate and follow a third bonobo group. The habituation of multiple neighbouring bonobo groups in the site has also provided a unique opportunity for the study of within- and between-group relationships in bonobos.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve

Behavior	Source
Bonobo cannibalism	Tokuyama et al. 2017
Duiker, squirrel and anomalure hunting	Samuni, Wegdell & Surbeck 2020
Truffle feeding	Lucchesi pers. comm.

External links

Bonobo Conservation Initiative - Kokolopori

References

Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI). (2020, October 21). Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve.https://www.bonobo.org/programs/kokolopori-bonobo-reserve

Indigo Foundation (2020, October 21). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kokolopori and Vie Sauvage. https://www.indigofoundation.org/completed-projects/democratic-republic-of-congo-kokolopori

Samuni, L., Wegdell, F., & Surbeck. M. (2020). Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait. eLife, e59191. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59191

Surbeck, M., Coxe, S., & Lokasola, A. L. (2017). Lonoa: The Establishment of a Permanent Field Site for Behavioural Research on Bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. Pan Africa News, 24(2), 13–15.

Tokuyama, N., Moore, D. L., Graham, K. E., Lokasola, A., & Furuichi, T. (2017). Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 58, 7–12.

Page created by: Leveda Cheng & Stefano Lucchesi Date: NA