Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

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Summary

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• Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in Kulamba Wildlife Reserve.
• It has been estimated that 361 (CI: 223–488) individuals occur in the site.
• The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
• The site has a total size of 387 km².
• Key threats to orangutans are habitat fragmentation mainly due to land conversion for agriculture and plantations, and hunting.
• Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Kulamba was gazetted in 1984 as a Wildlife Reserve. The reserve is located in Malaysia, Borneo, in the eastern part of Sabah. The site is mostly swampy and flat, with isolated, locally steep hills measuring up to 70 m above sea level . The reserve's contiguity with the Kinabatangan floodplains provides an important habitat for several resident and migrant globally threatened waterbirds (BirdLife International 2021). In addition to Bornean orangutans, banteng, or tembandau (a species of wild cattle) also inhabits the site, along with proboscis monkeys, marble cats, Bornean gibbons, long-tailed macaques, and Malayan sun bears (BirdLife International 2021).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Species	'Pongo pygmaeus morio
Area	387 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 5.510043 , Lon: 118.664234
Type of site	Protected area (Wildlife Reserve)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

The orangutan population in Kulamba declined by 30% in 15 years, between 2002 and 2017 (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2002-2003			2.50 (0.91-6.85)	500 (182-1369)	Kulamba	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
Pongo pygmaeus morio	2017			0.93(0.67-1.48)	361(223-488)	Kulamba	Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019

Threats

Oil palm, coconut, rubber and rattan plantations are being developed at a fast rate to the south and west of the reserve (BirdLife International 2021). Habitat fragmentation is a major threat in the region where the site is found. In 2013 a palm oil plantation was planned adjacent to the reserve (Hance 2013).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
10 Geological events		Absent
12 Other threat		Absent
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Deforestation due to expansion of plantations, especially palm oil plantations (SWD 2020, Voigt et al. 2018).	Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Orangutans are hunted to mitigate conflicts or for meat consumption (SWD 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.2 Wood & pulp plantations	Present (unknown severity)	Rattan plantations (BirdLife International 2021).	Ongoing (2021)
1 Residential & commercial development		Unknown
3 Energy production & mining		Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
6 Human intrusions & disturbance		Unknown
7 Natural system modifications		Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases		Unknown
9 Pollution		Unknown
11 Climate change & severe weather		Unknown

IUCN Threats list

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kulamba Wildlife Reserve

Behavior	Source
Not reported

References

Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819

Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD). (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kulamba Wildlife Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/11/2021.

Hance, J. (2013). New palm oil concession imperils orangutan population in Borneo. Mongabay. Online:https://news.mongabay.com/2013/01/new-palm-oil-concession-imperils-orangutan-population-in-borneo/

Voigt, M., Wich, S. A., Ancrenaz, M., Meijaard, E., Abram, N., Banes, G. L., ... & Kühl, H. S. (2018). Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean orangutans. Current Biology, 28(5), 761-769.

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