Maramagambo Central Forest

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Summary

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• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Maramagambo Central Forest.
• The population size was estimated at 202 individuals in 1999.
• The population trend is unknown.

Site characteristics

Maramagambo Forest is the largest central forest reserve located in in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda. It encompasses an area of 443 sq. km, contagious with Kalinzu Central Forest (Hashimoto, 1998). The forest is under dual management by the National Forest Authority as a Central Forest Reserve, and Uganda Wildlife Authority as part of the Queen Elizabeth Coservation Area (NFA, 2023). The forest is an important catchment area for lake Nyamusingiri, Kibona wetland, and rivers Nchwera, Sherere, Rwampunu, Keizi that drain into Lake Edward (NFA, 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Maramagambo Central Forest

Species	'Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Area	443 km²
Coordinates	Lat: -0.353826 , Lon: 29.927896
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Grassland, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance	Governance by government

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Maramagambo Central Forest

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	1999.0	Present		0.46	202.01 (190-255)	Maramagambo Central Forest	Line transects & recces	Distance sampling (decay time unknown)	Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003	A marked nest count method was used to obtain nest density estimates, nest density was converted to chimpanzee density.

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Maramagambo Central Forest

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1.2 Small-holder farming	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Encroachment on forest for agriculture (USAID 2015; Kamugisha-Ruhombe 2007).	2007-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use	5.1.2 Unintentional effects (species being assessed is not the target)	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Hunting using dogs, nets, spears and mostly snares (USAID 2015; Kamugisha-Ruhombe 2007).	2007-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use	5.3.2 Commercial logging	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal pitsawing for timber sales and charcoal burning (USAID 2015; Kamugisha-Ruhombe 2007).	2007-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.2 Wood & pulp plantations	High (more than 70% of population affected)	30 hectares of the reserve are under pine and eucalyptus plantations by the private sector (NFA 2008).	2008-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use	5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Collection of NTFPs for medicine, bush ropes and poles for construction (USAID 2015; Kamugisha-Ruhombe 2007).	2007-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use	5.3.1 Subsistence logging	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	For firewood, used at household level (USAID 2015; Kamugisha-Ruhombe 2007).	2007-Ongoing (2024)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Maramagambo Central Forest

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms	Through Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development (IFPA-CD) Project.	World Bank, Ministry of Water and Evironment (MWE), Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (MTWA), Uganda Widlife Authority (UWA), National Forestry Authority (NFA)	2021-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	Part of the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area and recognized as a Central Forest Resreve (NFA 2023).	Uganda Wildlife Authority and National Forest Authority	1952-Ongoig (2024)
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)	UWA agreed to plant savanna figs in Queen Elizabeth in order to restore a corridor between Kyambura Gorge and Maramagambo forest so as chimpanzees are able to move across habitats (UWA 2012).	Uganda Wildlife Authority	2008-Ongoing (2024)
7 Economic & other incentives	7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)	Through Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development (IFPA-CD) Project.	World Bank, Ministry of Water and Evironment (MWE), Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (MTWA), Uganda Widlife Authority (UWA), National Forestry Authority (NFA)	2021-Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence	8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	Eco-tourism is ongoing particularly in the northern part of the reserve e.g. Nyamusingiri ecotourism site (Basiibye pers. obs. 2024).	Uganda Wildlife Authority	Ongoing (2024)
	Other	Promoting Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) to involve communities themselves in protecting the forests (NFA 2008).	National Forest Authority	2008-Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

References

Gumisiriza, H., Birungi, G., Olet, E. A., & Sesaazi, C. D. (2019). Medicinal plant species used by local communities around queen elizabeth national park, maramagambo central forest reserve and ihimbo central forest reserve, south western Uganda. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 239, 111926.

Kamugisha-Ruhombe, J. (2007). Forest law enforcement and governance Uganda Country assessment and issues paper. Afornet, Kampala, Uganda.

National Forest Authority, NFA. (2023). Getting to Know Uganda’s Diverse Forests: Maramagambo Forest. https://www.nfa.org.ug/ecotourism/maramagambo-forest/. Retrieved on 26th November, 2024.

Tumuhimbise, G., Okwakol, M. J. N., & Kangwagye, T. N. (2001). Species diversity of swallowtail butterflies(Papilionidae: Lepidoptera) in North Maramagambo Forest. African Journal of Ecology, 39(1), 113-115.

UWA. (2012). Protecting the wildlife corridors of the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area.

USAID. (2015). Uganda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA).

Page created by: Steven Joel Basiibye Date: 2024-11-25 20:15:00