North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
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Summary
- Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in North Kinabatangan, which includes Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap forest reserves.
- The population was estimated at 2,131 individuals during the period 2007-2010.
- The population trend is unknown.
Site characteristics
Table 1. Basic site information for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Species | 'Pongo pygmaeus morio |
| Area | 1,627.4 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 5.353354 , Lon: 17.4086488 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Forest Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest |
| Type of governance | Governance by government, Private governance |
IUCN habitat categories Site designations
Ape status
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2007-2010 | 31.46 | 1.52 | 2,131 | Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap Forest Reserves | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Distance sampling | Alfred et al. 2023 | |||
| 'Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2002-2003 | 3.789 | 1.50 (0.55-4.05) | 792 (292-2,148) | Deramakot | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Distance sampling | Ancrenaz et al. 2005 | |||
| 'Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2002-2003 | 1.541 | 0.62 (0.23-1.70) | 217 (79-594) | Tangkulap | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Distance sampling | Ancrenaz et al. 2005 | |||
| 'Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2002-2003 | 3.008 | 1.19 (0.44-3.23) | 692 (255-1,874) | Segaliud Lokan | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Distance sampling | Ancrenaz et al. 2005 | |||
| 'Pongo pygmaeus morio | Present | Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest Reserves | Camera trap | Spatial mapping | Samejima & Ong 2012 | The trapping rate ranging from 0.1 to 1 orangutan individual per 100 camera days. |
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 Pollution | 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents | Low (up to 30% of population affected) | Past logging activities have resulted in low soil capacity for water infiltration which leads to soil erosion (Sabah Forestry Department 2015). | Unknown |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3.2 Commercial logging | Medium (30-70% of population affected) | Logging in Deramakot was significant during 1959-1968 period before all conventional logging activities were suspended in 1995 (Imai et al. 2012). | 1959-1995 |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3.2 Commercial logging | Medium (30-70% of population affected) | Logging in Tangkulap was significant since 1970s before all conventional logging activities were suspended in 2001 (Imai et al. 2012). | 1970-2001 |
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | Medium (30-70% of population affected) | Rapid extension of oil palm plantations in Deramakot Forest Reserve (Kitayama, Darmawan, and Nakazono 2018). | 1985-2002 |
Conservation activities
Table 4. Conservation activities reported for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Implementing organization(s) | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Development impact mitigation | 1.12 Use selective logging instead of clear-cutting | Deramakot Forest Reserve has been implementing sustainable logging practices and shows that orangutan densities in this area are the highest compared to other areas (Ancrenaz et al. 2005). These are implemented in Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest Reserves. While the Reduced-impact Logging (RIL) regulation was started in Deramakot Forest Reserve in 1995, such regulation was implemented in Tangkulap Forest Reserve since 2001 (Imai et al. 2012) | Sabah Forestry Department | 1995-Ongoing (2024) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms | One important source of income is the small-scale agroforestry (kebun campuran) established near their houses. In 2012, cocoa was introduced by the Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) as part of a government project to improve the community’s livelihood (Johnlee et al. 2020). | Malaysian Cocoa Board | 2012-Ongoing (2024) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use | Community Learning Center (CLC), initially to provide education for young children and then expanding also to all ages of the community. Apart from teaching kindergarten students, the CLC also provides handicraft workshops. Related to forest management, PACOS assisted the community to do mapping and establish home gardens. The community mapping includes identification of traditional and use practices such as paddy field farming, rotational planting, and durian plantations, and discussions on land rights issues (Johnlee et al. 2020). | PACOS Trust | Unknown |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting) | Forest rehabilitation in the Forest Management Plan 2019-2028 of Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve (KTS Plantation Bhd 2019). | KTS Plantation Bhd | 2019-Ongoing (2024) |
Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.3 General lack of funding | Johnlee et al. 2020 | Unknown |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.1 Lack of capacity/training | Johnlee et al. 2020 | Unknown |
| 1 Site management | 1.2 Need for improved coordination | Johnlee et al. 2020 | Unknown |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation | Martin et al. 2024 | Unknown |
| 4 Institutional support | 4.2 Lack of government support | Ong et al. 2013 | Unknown |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | 1.2 Effective coordination | Johnlee et al. 2020 | Unknown |
Research activities
Various biodiversity studies conducted Deramakot Forest Reserve and collaboration on carbon sequestration study with Centre for Ecological Research, Kyoto University.
There was an expedition in Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve collaborating with Institute for Tropical Biology Conservation, WWF-Malaysia, Sabah Parks, Sabah Wildlife Department and Forest Research Center in 2018 (KTS Plantation Bhd 2018)
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for North Kinabatangan (Deramakot, Segaliud Lokan & Tangkulap)
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Walking on forest floor | Adult males orangutans were found to walk on forest floor from camera trap survey in Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest Reserves (Samejima & Ong 2012) |
Exposure to climate change impacts
External links
Relevant datasets
References
Alfred, R., Alfred, R., Luaran, N., Lourdin, R. V., & Pailus, R. H. (2023, December). Estimating Orangutans Population Size in Sabah Rainforest in Malaysia Using Spatial Modelling. In International Conference on Advances in Computational Science and Engineering (pp. 99-127). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3.
FSC. (2024). Championing Sustainable Forest Management: Deramakot Forest Reserve regains FSC FM/COC Certification. https://my.fsc.org/my-en/newsfeed/championing-sustainable-forest-management-deramakot-forest-reserve-regains-fsc-fmcoc
Imai, N., Seino, T., Aiba, S. I., Takyu, M., Titin, J., & Kitayama, K. (2012). Effects of selective logging on tree species diversity and composition of Bornean tropical rain forests at different spatial scales. Plant Ecology, 213, 1413-1424.
Johnlee, E. B., Ibrahim, A. L., Naito, D., & Lintangah, W. (2020). Social forestry for sustainable forest management (SFM): A case study in Tongod District, Sabah (Vol. 289). CIFOR.
Kitayama, K., Darmawan, M. and Nakazono, E. (2008). Modern land-use changes in the upland and the lowland terrains of Sabah, Malaysia, and their causal interpretation. Sustainability and Biodiversity Assessment on Forest Utilization Options, 12-21.
KTS Plantation Bhd. (2018). Sungai Rawog Conservation Area scientific expedition Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve (FMU 19B). http://www.segaliudlokan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/REPORT-Sc-Exp.pdf
KTS Plantation Bhd. (2019). Forest Rehabilitatiohttps://www.segaliudlokan.com/forest-rehabilitation-2/
Martin, R. A., Kissing, J., Johnlee, E. B., Tarmiji, M. F. and Lunkapis, G. J. 2024. Social forestry in Deramakot Forest Reserve and its Social Impact Assessment. The 20th Malaysian Forestry Conference, 29-30 October 2024. Sabah International Convention Centre: Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Ong, R. C., Langner, A., Imai, N., & Kitayama, K. (2013). Management history of the study sites: the Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest reserves. Co-benefits of sustainable forestry: ecological studies of a certified bornean rain forest, 1-21.
Sabah Forestry Department. (2015). 3rd Forest Management Plan (1st January, 2015-31st December, 2024). Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia. https://deramakot.sabah.gov.my/images/pdf/pub/3rd_FMP_Deramakot.pdf
Sabah Forestry Department. (2024). Tangkulap-Sg. Talibu (FMU 17A). https://tangkulap.sabah.gov.my/
Samejima, H., & Ong, R. (2012). Distribution of Mammals in Deramakot & Tangkulap Forest Reserves, Sabah, Malaysia. Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series, 127, 1-55.
Page created by: Cristiar Samosir Date: 2024-11-27 10:19:00