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1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Leuser Ecosystem]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'') are present in the Leuser Ecosystem.
* It has been estimated that 13,846 (CI: 11,561-16,805) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 2.6 million ha.
* Key threats to orangutans are deforestation, construction of roads and planned construction of hydroelectric power plants, poaching, and capturing of young orangutans for the illegal pet trade.
* Several NGOs are involved in the implementation of conservation interventions; for example, the Human-Orangutan Conflict Response Unit rescue and relocate orangutans trapped by humans.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra, at the northernmost tip of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area is extremely rich in biodiversity; more than 200 mammal species, 580 bird species, and an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera, can be found at the Leuser Ecosystem. Within Leuser, the coastal peat swamp forests of Tripa, Kluet, and Trumon-Singkil harbour the highest densities of orangutans. In addition to Sumatran orangutans, the Leuser Ecosystem is also home to the last remaining viable populations of Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, and Sumatran elephants ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/distribution/ Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme). The Leuser Ecosystem is designated as a National Strategic Area for its environmental function. This designation does not exclude non-forest uses, but stresses the importance of sustainable management (Singleton et al. 2018). The Gunung Leuser National Park is found within the Leuser Ecosystem, which is also designated a Man and Biosphere Reserve, and is part of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Cluster Site by UNESCO (Singleton et al. 2018). The park supports only 25.3% of Sumatra’s Orangutans. Also within the Leuser Ecosystem, is the 1,025 km² Singkil Swamps Wildlife Reserve (Singleton et al. 2018).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|2.6 million ha
|-
|Coordinates
|3.630896 N, 97.378969 E
|-
|Designation
|National Strategic Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The peat-swamp forests of the Leuser Ecosystem hold the highest Sumatran orangutan densities (Wich et al. 2016). The species is predicted to decline across a variety of land-use scenarios; as many as 4,500 individuals could vanish by 2030 (Wich et al. 2016).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo abelii''
|1999-2013
|13,846 (11,561-16,805)
|0.73
|
|Leuser Ecosystem
|Line transects (Distance)
|Wich et al. 2016
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Key threats to orangutans at the Leuser Ecosystem include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and the illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). New roads are continuously being cut through the habitat. In addition to habitat encroachment, palm oil concessions, and new hydro electric schemes and geothermal energy plants are proposed in critical areas ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). As a by-product of land-conversion and increased proximity to humans, orangutans are sometimes killed due to human-wildlife conflict situations, for example, when orangutans raid farmlands (Singleton et al. 2018).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.3 Renewable energy
|Low
|
|Proposed construction of several new hydroelectric power plants leading to habitat loss (Wich pers. comm. 2020; SOCP).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|The construction of roads is causing forest loss and forest fragmentation (Wich et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low
|
|Poaching/persecution. Orangutans are captured or killed when they leave the forest and enter
agricultural land or areas that have been recently deforested (Wich et al 2016; Singleton et al. 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium
|
|Deforestation as a result of land-cover changes (Wich et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|12.1 Other threat
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Capturing young orangutans for illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]).
|Ongoing
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
A number of NGOs are active in the implementation of conservation activities, including the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ SOCP]), the Orangutan Information Center ([https://orangutancentre.org/ OIC]), the Leuser International Foundation ([https://leuserfoundation.org/who-we-are LIF]), and [https://www.haka.or.id/ HAkA].
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.2. Relocate primates to non-residential areas
|The Human-Orangutan Conflict Response Unit rescue, relocate, and confiscate orangutans in human-orangutan conflict situations ([https://orangutancentre.org/rescueing-orangutan/ OIC]).
|Ongoing
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Singleton et al. 2018
|-
|Lack of national protection
|Singleton et al. 2018
|-
|Lack of management
|Wich pers. comm. 2020
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://leuserfoundation.org/ Leuser International Foundation]<br>
[https://www.haka.or.id/ HAkA]<br>
[https://orangutancentre.org/ OIC]<br>
[https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ SOCP]<br>
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Singleton, I., Wich , S.A., Nowak, M., Usher, G. & Utami-Atmoko, S.S. 2017. Pongo abelii (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T121097935A123797627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Serge Wich & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Leuser Ecosystem]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'') are present in the Leuser Ecosystem.
* It has been estimated that 13,846 (CI: 11,561-16,805) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 2.6 million ha.
* Key threats to orangutans are deforestation, construction of roads and planned construction of hydroelectric power plants, poaching, and capturing of young orangutans for the illegal pet trade.
* Several NGOs are involved in the implementation of conservation interventions; for example, the Human-Orangutan Conflict Response Unit rescue and relocate orangutans trapped by humans.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra, at the northernmost tip of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area is extremely rich in biodiversity; more than 200 mammal species, 580 bird species, and an estimated 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera, can be found at the Leuser Ecosystem. Within Leuser, the coastal peat swamp forests of Tripa, Kluet, and Trumon-Singkil harbour the highest densities of orangutans. In addition to Sumatran orangutans, the Leuser Ecosystem is also home to the last remaining viable populations of Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, and Sumatran elephants ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/distribution/ Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme). The Leuser Ecosystem is designated as a National Strategic Area for its environmental function. This designation does not exclude non-forest uses, but stresses the importance of sustainable management (Singleton et al. 2018). The Gunung Leuser National Park is found within the Leuser Ecosystem, which is also designated a Man and Biosphere Reserve, and is part of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Cluster Site by UNESCO (Singleton et al. 2018). The park supports only 25.3% of Sumatra’s Orangutans. Also within the Leuser Ecosystem, is the 1,025 km² Singkil Swamps Wildlife Reserve (Singleton et al. 2018).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|2.6 million ha
|-
|Coordinates
|3.630896 N, 97.378969 E
|-
|Designation
|National Strategic Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, plantations, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The peat-swamp forests of the Leuser Ecosystem hold the highest Sumatran orangutan densities (Wich et al. 2016). The species is predicted to decline across a variety of land-use scenarios; as many as 4,500 individuals could vanish by 2030 (Wich et al. 2016).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo abelii''
|1999-2013
|13,846 (11,561-16,805)
|0.73
|
|Leuser Ecosystem
|Line transects (Distance)
|Wich et al. 2016
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Key threats to orangutans at the Leuser Ecosystem include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and the illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). New roads are continuously being cut through the habitat. In addition to habitat encroachment, palm oil concessions, and new hydro electric schemes and geothermal energy plants are proposed in critical areas ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]). As a by-product of land-conversion and increased proximity to humans, orangutans are sometimes killed due to human-wildlife conflict situations, for example, when orangutans raid farmlands (Singleton et al. 2018).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.3 Renewable energy
|Low
|
|Proposed construction of several new hydroelectric power plants leading to habitat loss (Wich pers. comm. 2020; SOCP).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|The construction of roads is causing forest loss and forest fragmentation (Wich et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low
|
|Poaching/persecution. Orangutans are captured or killed when they leave the forest and enter
agricultural land or areas that have been recently deforested (Wich et al 2016; Singleton et al. 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium
|
|Deforestation as a result of land-cover changes (Wich et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|12.1 Other threat
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Capturing young orangutans for illegal pet trade ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/threats/ SOCP]).
|Ongoing
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
A number of NGOs are active in the implementation of conservation activities, including the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme ([https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ SOCP]), the Orangutan Information Center ([https://orangutancentre.org/ OIC]), the Leuser International Foundation ([https://leuserfoundation.org/who-we-are LIF]), and [https://www.haka.or.id/ HAkA].
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.2. Relocate primates to non-residential areas
|The Human-Orangutan Conflict Response Unit rescue, relocate, and confiscate orangutans in human-orangutan conflict situations ([https://orangutancentre.org/rescueing-orangutan/ OIC]).
|Ongoing
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|Singleton et al. 2018
|-
|Lack of national protection
|Singleton et al. 2018
|-
|Lack of management
|Wich pers. comm. 2020
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Leuser Ecosystem'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://leuserfoundation.org/ Leuser International Foundation]<br>
[https://www.haka.or.id/ HAkA]<br>
[https://orangutancentre.org/ OIC]<br>
[https://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ SOCP]<br>
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Singleton, I., Wich , S.A., Nowak, M., Usher, G. & Utami-Atmoko, S.S. 2017. Pongo abelii (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T121097935A123797627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Serge Wich & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/12/2020 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->