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Outamba-Kilimi National Park (view source)
Revision as of 08:25, 28 October 2019
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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Outamba-Kilimi National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
* It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, and habitat disturbance due to logging, cattle farming, and human settlements in the park.
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km2) and Kilimi (368 km2) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1109 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|9.725154 N, -12.065119 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical lowland forest, moist savanna
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1983
|49-60
|0.3
|
|Kilimi
|Index survey
|Harding 1984 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1989
|200-300
|
|Present
|Outamba
|Unknown
|Alp 1989 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|The population size was thought to be as high as 600-700
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|950 (615-1472)
|1.21 (0.78-1.88)
|8.9 (6.71-11.83)
|Outamba
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|70 (22-246)
|0.27 (0.08-0.90)
|1.9 (0.61-6.41)
|Kilimi
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|1020 (658-1596)
|0.97 (0.62-1.51)
|XXXX (encounter)
|Outamba-Kilimi
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting signs are still present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Many villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|The number of villages located in both sections of the park is increasing (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present
|
|The northern part of Kilimi is used for cattle grazing (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Low
|
|Gold mining starting in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|High hunting intensity in the late 1960s and 1970s; hunting signs are still frequently found in the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present
|
|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Present
|
|The park’s infrastructure was destroyed and conservation Activities were brought to a halt due to civil war (Munro 2015)
|1991-2002
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High
|
|Annual burning affects a large proportion of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The site is a priority zone for the ([https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program]), which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The (https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project]) also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism. More information on conservation projects is lacking for this site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011)
|2010
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
|Brncic et al. 2010
|-
|Lack of technical means
|Brncic et al. 2010
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme]) based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Stepping sticks
|Alp 1997
|-
|Seat sticks
|Alp 1997
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019. <br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. <br>
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112 <br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf <br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf <br>
Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Outamba-Kilimi National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
* It has been estimated that 1,020 (CI: 658-1,596) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, and habitat disturbance due to logging, cattle farming, and human settlements in the park.
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km2) and Kilimi (368 km2) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1109 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|9.725154 N, -12.065119 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical lowland forest, moist savanna
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1983
|49-60
|0.3
|
|Kilimi
|Index survey
|Harding 1984 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1989
|200-300
|
|Present
|Outamba
|Unknown
|Alp 1989 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|The population size was thought to be as high as 600-700
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|950 (615-1472)
|1.21 (0.78-1.88)
|8.9 (6.71-11.83)
|Outamba
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|70 (22-246)
|0.27 (0.08-0.90)
|1.9 (0.61-6.41)
|Kilimi
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|1020 (658-1596)
|0.97 (0.62-1.51)
|XXXX (encounter)
|Outamba-Kilimi
|Line transects (Distance)
|Brncic et al. 2010
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting signs are still present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Many villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|The number of villages located in both sections of the park is increasing (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present
|
|The northern part of Kilimi is used for cattle grazing (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Low
|
|Gold mining starting in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|High hunting intensity in the late 1960s and 1970s; hunting signs are still frequently found in the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present
|
|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Present
|
|The park’s infrastructure was destroyed and conservation Activities were brought to a halt due to civil war (Munro 2015)
|1991-2002
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High
|
|Annual burning affects a large proportion of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The site is a priority zone for the ([https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program]), which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The (https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project]) also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism. More information on conservation projects is lacking for this site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011)
|2010
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
|Brncic et al. 2010
|-
|Lack of technical means
|Brncic et al. 2010
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme]) based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Stepping sticks
|Alp 1997
|-
|Seat sticks
|Alp 1997
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019. <br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. <br>
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112 <br>
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