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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Taï National Park.
* It has been estimated that 406 (265-623) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[Image:tai_nzo.jpg|left|thumb|Taï National Park]]
Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports rich a diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is also considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').
Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project]. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the [https://www.taimonkeys.org/#! Tai monkey Project]. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|5,0812 km²
|-
| Coordinates
| 5.77 N, - 7.12 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)]. Estimates chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF also uses camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km2 in the Taï National Park.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
|406 (265-623)
|0.07 (0.05-0.11)
|0.265
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2016
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|540 (321-909)
|0.099 (0.060-0.169)
|0.57
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2015
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2014
|238 (116-487)
|0.044 (0.022-0.091)
|0.67
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2014
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2013
|294 (173-500)
|0.055 (0.032-0.093)
|0.49
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2013
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|264(135-518)
|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)
|0.39
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Yapi et al. 2012
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2011
|497 (287-868)
|0.09 (0.05-0.16)
|0.58
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2011
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|441 (264-735)
|0.08 (0.05-0.14)
|0.89
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|361 (230-568)
|0.077 (0.040-0.147)
|1.22
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2009
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2008
|516 (314-847)
|0.10 (0.06-0.16)
|0.91
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2008
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2007
|479 (299-767)
|0.09 (0.06-0.14)
|0.54
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2007
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|480 (280-830)
|0.089 (0.052-0.155)
|0.54
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2006
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threaten the long-term existence of chimpanzees in this area. Furthermore, long-term research by the Tai Chimpanzee Project established that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably since resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has now been cleared.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|Low
|
|Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2. Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Artisinal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1. Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Poaching is widespread throught the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.1. Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species/Disease
|High
|
|chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|
|8.2. Problematic Native Species/Disease
|High
|
|chimpanzees died of Ebola virus (Formenti et al. 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004)
|Ongoing (2004)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control illegal activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have also been implemented, including eco-museum, theater, radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have also been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project in implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Absent
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Absent
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Absent
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Absent
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Absent
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Absent
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2004
|-
|
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 1999
|-
|
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2008
|-
|
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2008
|-
|
|8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2002
|-
|
|8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site
|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2000
|-
|
|8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
|done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2000
|-
|9. Pollution
|Absent
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|people hired by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|since 1972
|-
|12. Species Management
|Absent
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)
|since 1979
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|since 2013
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
|since 1979
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|EoH 2010
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring method, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Ant dipping
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Ant eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Ant eating without tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Honey eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Honey extraction with tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf clipping
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf cushion
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf sponging for drinking water
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Marrow pick
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Nut cracking
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Stone throwing
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Termite eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Termite eating without tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National de Taï et Réserve de faune du N'Zo. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-ta%C3%AF-et-r%C3%A9serve-de-faune-du-nzo-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire/text www.birdlife.org] <br>
Boesch C & Boesch-Achermann H. 2000. The chimpanzees of the Taı¨ Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <br>
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19). <br>
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155 <br>
EoH. 2010. Evaluation de l’efficacité de gestion Parc National de Taï, Enhancing our Heritage (EoH). Programme Aires Protégées d’Afrique du Centre et de l’Ouest. UICN <br>
Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126. <br>
Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619 <br>
Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75. <br>
IBREAM. 2018. Pygmy Hippo PhD 2017 Summary. Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals. [https://ibream.org/updates/pygmy-hippo-phd-2017-summary/ Taï Hippo Project] <br>
Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344. <br>
Köndgen, S., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P., Walsh, P., Schenk, S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Mätz-Rensing, K., Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., Leendertz, F.H. (2008). Pandemic Human Viruses Causes Decline of Endangered Great Apes. Current Biology 18, 260-264. <br>
Kouakou CY, Boesch C, and Kuehl H. 2009. Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Taï National Park. Am. J. Primatol. 71, 447–457. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20673 <br>
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455. <br>
Leendertz, F.H., Ellerbrok, H., Boesch, C., Couacy-Hymann, E., Mätz-Rensing, K., Hakenbeck, R., Bergmann, C., Abaza, P., Junglen, S., Moebius, Y., Vigilant, L., Formenty, P., Pauli, G. (2004). Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rain forest, Nature, 430. <br>
Luncz L. and Boesch C. 2015 The Extent of Cultural Variation Between Adjacent Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) Communities; A Microecological Approach American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156: 67-75 <br>
Marchesi, P., Marchesi,N., Fruth, B. and Boesch, C. (1995). Census and Distribution in Côte D´Ivoire. Primates, 36(4): 591-607. <br>
McGraw WS et al. 2007. Monkeys of the Taï Forest: An African Primate Community. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK <br>
N’Goran, K.P., Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2007). Quelques résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Taï (août 2005 – mars 2006). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR. <br>
N’Goran, K.P., Yapi, F. Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2007). /Etat du Parc National de Taï /: Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring, phase II (septembre 2006 – avril 2007). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR. <br>
N’Goran, K.P., Yapi, F. Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2008). /Etat du Parc National de Taï./ Rapport de resultats de biomonitoring. Phase III, Août 2007 - Mars 2008. Unpubl. Report WCF/OIPR. <br>
N’Goran, K. P., Yapi, A. F., Herbinger, I., Tondossama, A. et Boesch, C. (2009). Etat du Parc National de Taï : Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase IV (août 2008 – février 2009). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan. <br>
N’Goran K. P., Yapi A. F., Herbinger I., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2009 - Etat du Parc National de Taï : Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase V (septembre 2009 – mars 2010). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan. <br>
N’Goran K. P., Yapi A. F., Normand E., Herbinger I., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2011 - Etat du Parc National de Taï : Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase VI (octobre 2010 – mars 2011). Unpubl.Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan. <br>
Tai Chimpanzee Project. 2019. Taï Chimpanzee Project. Online : [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project] <br>
Tai Monkey Project. 2019. Tai Monkey Project. Online: [https://www.taimonkeys.org Tai Monkey Project] <br>
Tiédoué R., Vergnes V., Kouakou Y. C., Normand E., Ouattara M., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2013 - Etat de conservation du Parc National de Taï: Rapport de résultats de suivi-écologique - phase 8 (janvier 2013 - juin 2013). Unpubl. Rapport OIPR/WCF, Abidjan. <br>
Tiédoué R., Kouakou Y. C., Normand E., Vergnes V., Ouattara M., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2014 - Etat de conservation du Parc National de Taï: Rapport de résultats de suivi-écologique - phase 9 (octobre 2013 - avril 2014). Unpubl. Rapport OIPR/WCF, Abidjan. <br>
Tiédoué R., Normand E., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2015 - Etat de conservation du Parc National de Taï: Rapport de résultats de suivi-écologique - phase 10 (novembre 2014 - mai 2015). Unpubl. Rapport OIPR/WCF, Abidjan. <br>
Tiédoué R., Diarrassouba A. et Tondossama A. 2016 – Etat de conservation du Parc national de Taï: Résultats du suivi écologique, Phase 11. Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves/Direction de Zone Sud-ouest. Soubré, Unpubl. Côte d’Ivoire. 31p. <br>
Radl, G. 2004. Le système de surveillance et le développement des densités des animaux braconnés du Parc National de Taï. Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, PN: 02.2279.4-001.00. <br>
UICN/BRAO (2008). Evaluation de l’éfficacité de la gestion des aires protégées: parcs et réserves de Côte d´Ivoire. <br>
UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/tai-national-park-national-park www.protectedplanet.net] <br>
UNESCO. 2019a. Taï National Park [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195/ unesco.org] <br>
UNESCO. 2019b. State of Conservation - Taï National Park. Online: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3920 unesco.org] <br>
WCF. 2015 Annual report 2015 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] <br>
WCF. 2017. Annual report 2017 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] <br>
WCF. 2018. Annual report 2018 – activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Online: [https://www.wildchimps.org/reports/reports.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation] <br>
WCF, OIPR-PNT, WWF, CSRS, KFW, EU, UNEP, GRASP and GTZ. 2008. Etat du Parc National de Tai. Rapport de Resultats de Biomonitoring Phase III (Août 2007-Mars 2008) <br>
Wittig R. 2018. 40 years of research at the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Pan Africa News 25(2): 16-18 <br>
Yao, C. Y. Adou and Roussel, Bernard (2007). Forest Management, Farmers' Practices and Biodiversity Conservation in the Monogaga Protected Coastal Forest in Southwest Côte D'Ivoire. Africa, 77(1):63-85. <br>
Yapi A. F., Vergnes V., Normand E., N’Goran K. P., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2012 - Etat de conservation du Parc National de Taï: Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase 7 (janvier 2012- juillet 2012). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan. <br>
<br>
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Taï National Park.
* It has been estimated that 406 (265-623) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
[[Image:tai_nzo.jpg|left|thumb|Taï National Park]]
Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports rich a diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is also considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').
Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project]. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the [https://www.taimonkeys.org/#! Tai monkey Project]. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|5,0812 km²
|-
| Coordinates
| 5.77 N, - 7.12 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)]. Estimates chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF also uses camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km2 in the Taï National Park.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
|406 (265-623)
|0.07 (0.05-0.11)
|0.265
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2016
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|540 (321-909)
|0.099 (0.060-0.169)
|0.57
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2015
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2014
|238 (116-487)
|0.044 (0.022-0.091)
|0.67
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2014
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2013
|294 (173-500)
|0.055 (0.032-0.093)
|0.49
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tiédoué et al. 2013
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|264(135-518)
|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)
|0.39
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|Yapi et al. 2012
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2011
|497 (287-868)
|0.09 (0.05-0.16)
|0.58
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2011
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|441 (264-735)
|0.08 (0.05-0.14)
|0.89
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|361 (230-568)
|0.077 (0.040-0.147)
|1.22
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2009
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2008
|516 (314-847)
|0.10 (0.06-0.16)
|0.91
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2008
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2007
|479 (299-767)
|0.09 (0.06-0.14)
|0.54
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2007
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|480 (280-830)
|0.089 (0.052-0.155)
|0.54
|entire
|Line transects (Distance)
|N'Goran et al. 2006
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threaten the long-term existence of chimpanzees in this area. Furthermore, long-term research by the Tai Chimpanzee Project established that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably since resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has now been cleared.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|Low
|
|Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2. Mining & Quarrying
|Medium
|3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Artisinal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1. Roads & railroads
|Medium
|
|Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1. Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Poaching is widespread throught the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.1. Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species/Disease
|High
|
|chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|
|8.2. Problematic Native Species/Disease
|High
|
|chimpanzees died of Ebola virus (Formenti et al. 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004)
|Ongoing (2004)
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control illegal activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have also been implemented, including eco-museum, theater, radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have also been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project in implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Absent
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Absent
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Absent
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Absent
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Absent
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Absent
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2004
|-
|
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 1999
|-
|
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2008
|-
|
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2008
|-
|
|8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2002
|-
|
|8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site
|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2000
|-
|
|8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
|done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|since 2000
|-
|9. Pollution
|Absent
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|people hired by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|since 1972
|-
|12. Species Management
|Absent
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)
|since 1979
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|since 2013
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
|since 1979
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|EoH 2010
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring method, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Ant dipping
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Ant eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Ant eating without tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Honey eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Honey extraction with tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf clipping
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf cushion
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Leaf sponging for drinking water
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Marrow pick
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Nut cracking
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Stone throwing
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Termite eating
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|Termite eating without tools
|Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National de Taï et Réserve de faune du N'Zo. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-ta%C3%AF-et-r%C3%A9serve-de-faune-du-nzo-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire/text www.birdlife.org] <br>
Boesch C & Boesch-Achermann H. 2000. The chimpanzees of the Taı¨ Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <br>
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19). <br>
Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155 <br>
EoH. 2010. Evaluation de l’efficacité de gestion Parc National de Taï, Enhancing our Heritage (EoH). Programme Aires Protégées d’Afrique du Centre et de l’Ouest. UICN <br>
Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126. <br>
Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619 <br>
Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75. <br>
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