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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) may be present in Bia National Park.
* • The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 78 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.
* Conservation activities at the site focus on law enforcement.
* The site is a UNESCO Biospshere Reserve.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in southwestern Ghana, nearing the border with Côte d’Ivoire. The Bia Resource Reserve (228 km²) lies to the south of the national park (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Together, the national park and the resource reserve form a contiguous forest block that was originally established as a national park in 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). However, the area now comprising the resource reserve was de-gazetted in 1977 and selectively logged for several years (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). In 1983, Bia National Park was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). Sixty-two mammal species have been recorded in the site, including 10 primate species (e.g., red colobus ''Procolobus badius'', black and white colobus ''Colobus vellerosus'', and olive colobus, ''Procolobus verus'') (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019, Danquah et al. 2012). Forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') and bongos (''Tragelaphus euryceros'') are also present (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|78 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|6.48 N, -3.08 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The presence of chimpanzees in Ghana is restricted to the forests in the southwestern part of the country (Kormos et al. 2003). Chimpanzees are thought to be present in Bia National Park, but the most recent survey only found traces of chimpanzees in the Bia Resource Reserve (Danquah et al. 2012). As part of the PanAf data collection, a survey was conducted at the site, but chimpanzee abundance and density are not published (PanAf 2019).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2008
|
|
|0.0028
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Gatti 2010
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 1411.26 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|
|
|Present
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
|Line transects (Distance)
|Danquah et al. 2012
|Presence confirmed in the sourthern part of the resource reserve
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012-2013
|
|
|Present
|Bia National Park
|Line transects (Distance)
|PanAf 2019
|Abundance estimate was not published
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Illegal logging until the late 90s caused severe degradation at the site, and the construction of logging trails and roads facilitated human access into the area (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Uncontrolled hunting has been a big problem at Bia National Park and surrounding areas; the park faces a lot of human pressure, as it is completely surrounded by farmland (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011, Danquah et al. 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present
|
|The park is surrounded by farmland, and encroachment for agricultural expansion is a threat (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|Logging trails and roads (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|Encounter rate of hunting signs: 0.40 km-1 (Danquah et al. 2012). A 2006-2008 survey reported 0.332 hunting signs per km (Gatti 2010)
|Snares were found in the park during a survey, and hunting signs were also present in nearby sites (Danquah et al. 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Wildlife protection at the site is enforced by the Ghana Wildlife Division (Danquah & Oppong 2013). Compared other sites in the Goaso forest block, a study found poaching rates to be much lower in the Bia National Park and Resource Reserve between 2007 and 2009 (AfriMAB 2013). This is likely attributed to the higher protection status of the area, and the implementation of conservation-oriented projects, such as the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II) in 2009, funded by the European Union, under which law enforcement and monitoring were increased (AfriMAB 2013).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|As part of the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II), patrol staff were trained for increased law enforcement (AfriMAB 2013)
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a national park since 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|12. Species Management
|
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
AfriMAB, Pool-Stanvliet, R., & Clüsener-Godt, M. (Eds.). (2013) Biosphere reserves in sub-saharan Africa: showcasing sustainable development. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.<br>
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.<br>
Danquah, E. & Oppong, S. (2013) Elephant population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in western Ghana. Pachyderm 53(53):81-90.<br>
Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. (2011) Ornithological surveys in Bia National Park and Resource Reserve, Ghana (January 2005, December 2009 and Septem- ber 2010). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 73: 27 pp. https://www.fcghana.org/page.php?page=268§ion=32&typ=1&subs=274<br>
Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.<br>
Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.) (2003) West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.<br>
PanAf (2019) Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Online: [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ panafrican.eva.mpg.de]<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Protected Planet: [Bia National Park; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 25/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia National Park]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) may be present in Bia National Park.
* • The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 78 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and logging.
* Conservation activities at the site focus on law enforcement.
* The site is a UNESCO Biospshere Reserve.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in southwestern Ghana, nearing the border with Côte d’Ivoire. The Bia Resource Reserve (228 km²) lies to the south of the national park (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Together, the national park and the resource reserve form a contiguous forest block that was originally established as a national park in 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). However, the area now comprising the resource reserve was de-gazetted in 1977 and selectively logged for several years (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). In 1983, Bia National Park was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). Sixty-two mammal species have been recorded in the site, including 10 primate species (e.g., red colobus ''Procolobus badius'', black and white colobus ''Colobus vellerosus'', and olive colobus, ''Procolobus verus'') (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019, Danquah et al. 2012). Forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') and bongos (''Tragelaphus euryceros'') are also present (Forestry Comission of Ghana 2019).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|78 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|6.48 N, -3.08 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|National Park
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The presence of chimpanzees in Ghana is restricted to the forests in the southwestern part of the country (Kormos et al. 2003). Chimpanzees are thought to be present in Bia National Park, but the most recent survey only found traces of chimpanzees in the Bia Resource Reserve (Danquah et al. 2012). As part of the PanAf data collection, a survey was conducted at the site, but chimpanzee abundance and density are not published (PanAf 2019).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2008
|
|
|0.0028
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Gatti 2010
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 1411.26 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|
|
|Present
|Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve
|Line transects (Distance)
|Danquah et al. 2012
|Presence confirmed in the sourthern part of the resource reserve
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012-2013
|
|
|Present
|Bia National Park
|Line transects (Distance)
|PanAf 2019
|Abundance estimate was not published
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Illegal logging until the late 90s caused severe degradation at the site, and the construction of logging trails and roads facilitated human access into the area (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011). Uncontrolled hunting has been a big problem at Bia National Park and surrounding areas; the park faces a lot of human pressure, as it is completely surrounded by farmland (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011, Danquah et al. 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present
|
|The park is surrounded by farmland, and encroachment for agricultural expansion is a threat (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|Logging trails and roads (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|Encounter rate of hunting signs: 0.40 km-1 (Danquah et al. 2012). A 2006-2008 survey reported 0.332 hunting signs per km (Gatti 2010)
|Snares were found in the park during a survey, and hunting signs were also present in nearby sites (Danquah et al. 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Wildlife protection at the site is enforced by the Ghana Wildlife Division (Danquah & Oppong 2013). Compared other sites in the Goaso forest block, a study found poaching rates to be much lower in the Bia National Park and Resource Reserve between 2007 and 2009 (AfriMAB 2013). This is likely attributed to the higher protection status of the area, and the implementation of conservation-oriented projects, such as the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II) in 2009, funded by the European Union, under which law enforcement and monitoring were increased (AfriMAB 2013).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|As part of the Protected Areas Development Programme Phase II (PADP II), patrol staff were trained for increased law enforcement (AfriMAB 2013)
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a national park since 1974 (Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2011)
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|12. Species Management
|
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bia National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
AfriMAB, Pool-Stanvliet, R., & Clüsener-Godt, M. (Eds.). (2013) Biosphere reserves in sub-saharan Africa: showcasing sustainable development. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.<br>
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.<br>
Danquah, E. & Oppong, S. (2013) Elephant population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in western Ghana. Pachyderm 53(53):81-90.<br>
Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. (2011) Ornithological surveys in Bia National Park and Resource Reserve, Ghana (January 2005, December 2009 and Septem- ber 2010). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 73: 27 pp. https://www.fcghana.org/page.php?page=268§ion=32&typ=1&subs=274<br>
Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.<br>
Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.) (2003) West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.<br>
PanAf (2019) Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Online: [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ panafrican.eva.mpg.de]<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019) Protected Planet: [Bia National Park; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net. <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 25/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>