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Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 07:17, 10 January 2020
, 07:17, 10 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
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rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 481.7 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, farming, and hunting.
* Information on conservation activities implemented at the site is lacking.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve is located in southwestern Ghana, to the east of Bia National Park. The reserve was established in 1935 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019), and it consists of two forest blocks, one above and one below the Asempaneye-Kumasi road (Ernst et al. 2008). The highest peak at the site is 594 m (Ernst et al. 2008). In addition to the western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), other fauna found at the site include the western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), royal antelope (''Neotragus pygmaeus'') (Oates 2006), olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), black and white colobus (''Colobus vellerosus'') (Danquah et al. 2012), and a frog species discovered in the reserve, ''Arthroleptis krokosua'' (Ernst et al. 2008).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|481.7 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|6.54 N, -2.86 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest,Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Traces of chimpanzees have been encountered during surveys, in 2005 (Oates 2006), 2006-2008 (Gatti 2010), and more recently in 2009 (Danquah et al. 2012), but population estimates are not available. The site has also been identified as the most likely to support a fairly large population of chimpanzees in Ghana (Caldecott & Miles 2005).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2005
|
|
|Present
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Interview and index survey
|Oates 2006
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2008
|
|
|0.0045
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Gatti 2010
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 448.24 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|
|
|Present
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Line transect (Distance)
|Danquah et al. 2012
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The lowlands in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve have been heavily logged in the past, but the forest in steeper areas has been less affected (Oates 2006). Illegal farming activities have also been found inside the reserve (Oates 2006). Another major threat to chimpanzees at the site is hunting, which appears to be very high (Oates 2006, Danquah et al. 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages are present in the reserve (Ernst et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present
|
|Illegal cultivations patches of plantain, cocoyam, pepper, and marijuana found in the site (Oates 2006)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|Encounter rate of hunting signs: 1 km-1 (Danquah et al. 2012). A survey in 2006-2008 reported 0.857 hunting signs per km (Gatti 2010).
|Hunting signs at the site have been frequently found, especially wire-snare traps (Oates 2006, Danquah et al. 2012
|Ongoing (2006, 2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|The area has been heavily logged (Oates 2006)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Information on conservation activities implemented at the site is lacking.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as forest reserve since 1935 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Corruption
|Oates 2006
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Caldecott, J. O., & Miles, L. (Eds.). (2005). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.<br>
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.
Ernst, R., Agyei, A.C. & Rödel, M.-O. (2008) A new giant species of Arthroleptis (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve, south-western Ghana. Zootaxa, 1697, 58–68.<br>
Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.<br>
Oates, J. (2006) Primate Conservation in the Forests of Western Ghana. Unpublished report to the Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission, Ghana. <br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019), Protected Planet: [Krokosua Hills FoR*; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 22/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 481.7 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, farming, and hunting.
* Information on conservation activities implemented at the site is lacking.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve is located in southwestern Ghana, to the east of Bia National Park. The reserve was established in 1935 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019), and it consists of two forest blocks, one above and one below the Asempaneye-Kumasi road (Ernst et al. 2008). The highest peak at the site is 594 m (Ernst et al. 2008). In addition to the western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), other fauna found at the site include the western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), royal antelope (''Neotragus pygmaeus'') (Oates 2006), olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), black and white colobus (''Colobus vellerosus'') (Danquah et al. 2012), and a frog species discovered in the reserve, ''Arthroleptis krokosua'' (Ernst et al. 2008).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|481.7 km²
|-
| Coordinates
|6.54 N, -2.86 W
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Forest Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest,Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Traces of chimpanzees have been encountered during surveys, in 2005 (Oates 2006), 2006-2008 (Gatti 2010), and more recently in 2009 (Danquah et al. 2012), but population estimates are not available. The site has also been identified as the most likely to support a fairly large population of chimpanzees in Ghana (Caldecott & Miles 2005).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2005
|
|
|Present
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Interview and index survey
|Oates 2006
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2008
|
|
|0.0045
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey
|Gatti 2010
|Reconnaissance walks were also conducted, and the total survey effort was 448.24 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|
|
|Present
|Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve
|Line transect (Distance)
|Danquah et al. 2012
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The lowlands in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve have been heavily logged in the past, but the forest in steeper areas has been less affected (Oates 2006). Illegal farming activities have also been found inside the reserve (Oates 2006). Another major threat to chimpanzees at the site is hunting, which appears to be very high (Oates 2006, Danquah et al. 2012).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages are present in the reserve (Ernst et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present
|
|Illegal cultivations patches of plantain, cocoyam, pepper, and marijuana found in the site (Oates 2006)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|Encounter rate of hunting signs: 1 km-1 (Danquah et al. 2012). A survey in 2006-2008 reported 0.857 hunting signs per km (Gatti 2010).
|Hunting signs at the site have been frequently found, especially wire-snare traps (Oates 2006, Danquah et al. 2012
|Ongoing (2006, 2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|The area has been heavily logged (Oates 2006)
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Information on conservation activities implemented at the site is lacking.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as forest reserve since 1935 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Corruption
|Oates 2006
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Caldecott, J. O., & Miles, L. (Eds.). (2005). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.<br>
Danquah, E., Oppong, S.K., Akom, E., and Sam, M. (2012) Preliminary Survey of Chimpanzees and Threatened Monkeys in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in Southwestern Ghana. African Primates 7 (2): 163-174.
Ernst, R., Agyei, A.C. & Rödel, M.-O. (2008) A new giant species of Arthroleptis (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve, south-western Ghana. Zootaxa, 1697, 58–68.<br>
Gatti, S. (2010) Community Forest Biodiversity Project: Status of primate populations in Protected Areas targeted under CFBP.W APCA and WD/FC, Accra. p. 42.<br>
Oates, J. (2006) Primate Conservation in the Forests of Western Ghana. Unpublished report to the Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission, Ghana. <br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2019), Protected Planet: [Krokosua Hills FoR*; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [11/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 22/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>