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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − − − − − − = Site characteristics = + − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.+ − + − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> − − − − = Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results --> + + − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper).+ − − − − − + − + − + Line 72:
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Line 79: + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + + + − + − + − | − | + + + + + + + − + − + − + Line 122:
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Line 198: + − + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities --> − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 270:
Line 275: + − + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities. − − − − − − − + − − − − − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − + − + − + − + + − − <br> − − + + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
-->
-->
[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Eastern hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock leuconedys'') and Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The eastern hoolock gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* Ape taxa present
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
* Ape population size
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
* Ape population trend
* Conservation activities are not documented.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* Key threats to apes are ...
* Additional information
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The state of Assam is located in northeast India, comprising two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan (Mazumder 2014). The area is a flat plain that gradually slopes from north to south, with vegetation characterised by tropical wet evergreen forest (Mazmuder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|78,438 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|25.521581 N, 93.051847 E
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|Unclassified
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 eastern hoolock gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups were also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Assam'''
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Area
! Method
! Method
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Hoolock leuconedys''
|2019
|17
|7
|
|
|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²
|Line transects (Distance)
|Chetry et al. 2019
|Survey effort 98 km. Average group size was 2.42
|
|
|-
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|2017-2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Upper Brahmaputra Valley, 9851 km²
|
|Unknown
|
|Sarma et al. 2021
|
|
|
|
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Assam'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|
|
|Encroachment due to expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021).
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture (Chetry et al. 2021). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|
|Livestock grazing (Chertry et al. 2021).
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|
|Selective illegal logging of certain species, including Uriam Bischoffia javanica, Simalu Bombax ceiba, Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa, and Titasopa Michelia champaca is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats (Chetry et al. 2021). Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Assam'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
===Relevant datasets===
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005 <br>
Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001<br>
Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8 <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 21/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->