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   3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent  

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     rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_LBR_BongMountain_PPA_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area]]

[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area]]

= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->

= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->

 

* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are probably no longer present in Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area.  

* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are probably no longer present in Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area.  

* This site has a total size of 248.12 km².

* This site has a total size of 248.12 km².

* Conservation activities were not reported.

* Conservation activities were not reported.

* The area has been designated an International Bird Area (IBA) and been proposed for a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).

* The area has been designated an International Bird Area (IBA) and been proposed for a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is located in Bong county in central Liberia. The area has partially been deforested, especially along the edges (Christie et al. 2007). The area has also been affected by mining of the China Union Project (Johnson 2015). Bong Mountain has a core of steep land with a narrow zone of closed dense forest, but also has existing roads, a moderate population density on the margins, and a potential for iron ore production (Johnson 2015). Johnson (2015) mentions in her report that the boundaries of the Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area have been altered by the Forestry Development Authority in Liberia due to the mining operations that are/will be taking place in the area. Neither information on the altered geographical extent of this site, nor the flora and fauna in this area could be found.

Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is located in Bong county in central Liberia. The area has partially been deforested, especially along the edges (Christie et al. 2007). The area has also been affected by mining of the China Union Project (Johnson 2015). Bong Mountain has a core of steep land with a narrow zone of closed dense forest, but also has existing roads, a moderate population density on the margins, and a potential for iron ore production (Johnson 2015). Johnson (2015) mentions in her report that the boundaries of the Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area have been altered by the Forestry Development Authority in Liberia due to the mining operations that are/will be taking place in the area. Neither information on the altered geographical extent of this site, nor the flora and fauna in this area could be found.

 

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area'''

'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|-

|-

|Coordinates

|Coordinates

|6.87 N, -10.14 W

|6.870000 N, -10.140000 W

|-

|-

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

It is likely that chimpanzees have become extinct at this site, as the area around Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been almost completely deforested (Christie et al. 2017, Junker pers. obs.) and because much of the site is currently being mined for iron ore (Johnson 2015). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees are likely to be absent from this area. However, no chimpanzee surveys have been conducted at this site. Because the entire Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been proclaimed a mining site (Johnson 2015), it will probably no longer be considered a protected area in the future.

It is likely that chimpanzees have become extinct at this site, as the area around Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been almost completely deforested (Christie et al. 2017, Junker pers. obs.) and because much of the site is currently being mined for iron ore (Johnson 2015). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees are likely to be absent from this area. However, no chimpanzee surveys have been conducted at this site. Because the entire Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been proclaimed a mining site (Johnson 2015), it will probably no longer be considered a protected area in the future.

 

'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates inBong Mountain Proposed Protected Area'''

'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"

! Species

! Species

! Year

! Year

! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)

! Abundance estimate (95% CI)

! Density estimate (per km²)

! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)

! Encounter rate (nests/km)

! Encounter rate (nests/km)

! Area

! Area

The southern part (about one third of the total area) of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been sold to a mining company, namely China Union Mining Co. The commodity that is being mined is iron ore. The total area of the mining site is 610 km2 (Wilson et al. 2017). The license type is a Class A mining license, which entails that mining is permitted in the proposed production area (no size limit) for at least 25 years (Wilson et al. 2017). The remaining part of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is under a Development Exploration License (DEL), which means that the license holder has to submit a proposed exploration program to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy within 90 days-, and shall commence exploration within 180 days after the issuance of an exploration license (Wilson et al. 2017). The company started production in early 2014 to June 2015, but later suspended operations in late 2015, as a result of the twin shock - Ebola virus disease in Liberia and the price of iron ore. The water in the area is heavily polluted, because of seepage of heavy metals from the iron ore mine into local creeks, wells and groundwater (Wilson et al. 2017).

The southern part (about one third of the total area) of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area has been sold to a mining company, namely China Union Mining Co. The commodity that is being mined is iron ore. The total area of the mining site is 610 km2 (Wilson et al. 2017). The license type is a Class A mining license, which entails that mining is permitted in the proposed production area (no size limit) for at least 25 years (Wilson et al. 2017). The remaining part of Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area is under a Development Exploration License (DEL), which means that the license holder has to submit a proposed exploration program to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy within 90 days-, and shall commence exploration within 180 days after the issuance of an exploration license (Wilson et al. 2017). The company started production in early 2014 to June 2015, but later suspended operations in late 2015, as a result of the twin shock - Ebola virus disease in Liberia and the price of iron ore. The water in the area is heavily polluted, because of seepage of heavy metals from the iron ore mine into local creeks, wells and groundwater (Wilson et al. 2017).

 

'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area'''

'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

|High

|High

|

|

|Seepage from mining, six water samples were taken, iron, aluminum, calcium, boron, phosphorous, chromium, arsenic, and zinc were present in high concentrations (Wilson et al. 2017)

|Seepage from mining, six water samples were taken, iron, aluminium, calcium, boron, phosphorous, chromium, arsenic, and zinc were present in high concentrations (Wilson et al. 2017)

|2014-present

|2014-present

|-

|-

No conservation activities have been reported for the site.

No conservation activities have been reported for the site.

 

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area'''

'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

!align="left"|Category  <!-- Do not change threat categories -->

[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->

No information on impediments has been documented.

No information on challenges has been documented.

 

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bong Mountain'''

'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"

!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->

!align="left"|Impediment  <!-- Do not change categories -->

No information on research activities has been documented.

No information on research activities has been documented.

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

 

'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Bong Mountain Proposed Protected Area'''

'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bong Mountain'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"

!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->

!align="left"|Behavior  <!-- Do not change categories -->

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|}

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