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rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
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<!-- Please add information for this site -->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->[[File: Map_LBR_East_Nimba_Reserve.png | 400px | thumb| right | East Nimba Nature Reserve (Liberia) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|7.510000, -8.530000 ~[[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]~Western Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
* The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea and Ivory Coast.
* The site borders [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]] in Guinea.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
'''Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|7.51 N, 8.53 W
|7.51 N, -8.53 W
|-
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
|
|
|}
|}
= References =
= References =
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->