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East Nimba Nature Reserve (view source)
Revision as of 08:38, 15 January 2020
, 08:38, 15 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 135 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
* The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea and Ivory Coast.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
'''Table 1: Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|135 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|7.51 N, -8.53 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Strict Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|28
|
|
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Index survey
|WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|
|
|0.17
|East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water)
|Index survey
|CI 2012
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2011-2012
|
|
|Present
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tweh et al. 2014
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (CILSS 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|
|Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016)
|1969-1989
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
|High
|
|High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013)
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
|1974-2014
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|
|Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016)
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|FFI and CI provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|CI recruits Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.<br>
CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf<br>
CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.<br>
FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve<br>
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.<br>
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 135 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
* The site borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Guinea and Ivory Coast.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
'''Table 1: Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|135 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|7.51 N, -8.53 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Strict Nature Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|28
|
|
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Index survey
|WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|
|
|0.17
|East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water)
|Index survey
|CI 2012
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2011-2012
|
|
|Present
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Line transects (Distance)
|Tweh et al. 2014
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (CILSS 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High
|
|Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016)
|1969-1989
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present
|
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
|High
|
|High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013)
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
|1974-2014
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|
|Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016)
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) also contribute to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of their livelihood improvement project, CI recruit Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange of a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|FFI and CI provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
|CI recruits Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.<br>
CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf<br>
CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.<br>
FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve<br>
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.<br>
Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191<br>
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 29/08/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>