0
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 1:
Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − * Additional information+ + + + + + + + + − = Site characteristics = + − − − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> − + − = Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->+ + − + − − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). − − − − − + − + Line 72:
Line 63: + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + + + Line 86:
Line 88: + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + + + − + − + − | − | + + + + + + − + − + − + − + + − + Line 122:
Line 129: − + Line 128:
Line 135: + + + + + + + − + − + − + − | + Line 143:
Line 157: − + Line 150:
Line 164: − + Line 157:
Line 171: − + Line 164:
Line 178: − + − + − | + Line 178:
Line 192: − + Line 186:
Line 200: + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+ − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + − + − + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + − + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities. − − − − − − − + − − − + − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − − + − + − + − + − + − − [http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal] − − <br> − − + + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
-->
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|6.1333, 9.7000~[[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]]~Cross River Gorillas
* Ape taxa present
}}
* Ape population size
</div>
* Ape population trend
* Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* Two groups occur in the site; the total population size is unknown.
* Key threats to apes are ...
* The gorilla population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 19.44 km².
* Key threats to gorillas are livestock farming, conversion of land for agriculture, and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols and research activities.
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Gorilla1_crop.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Sunderland-Groves]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Gorilla2_crop.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Sunderland-Groves]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary was created in April 2008, in the Kagwene mountain range in northwestern Cameroon (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009). The vegetation is a submontane forest-grassland mosaic, and the terrain is rocky, reaching an elevation of up to 2,037 m above sea level (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|19.44 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|6.1333, 9.7000
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|Gorilla Sanctuary
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, grassland, Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
During a survey between 2003 and 2005, a total of 569 fresh night-nest sites containing 7,032 individual nests, including 7 solitary nests, were recorded (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009). The mean night nest group size was 12.4. The survey results, coupled with a genetic study that identified 15 individuals (Bergl & Vigilant 2007), indicate the presence of an additional group at the site, outside of the core group of 13 (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009).
A 2012-2013 survey recorded 249 fresh night nest sites, comprising 1,877 individual nests in Kagwene (Ikfuingei 2013). The mean count of nests of weaned individuals was 7.54 per nest site with a range from 2-12. The majority of nest sites were recorded in the northwest and centre of the sanctuary (Ikfuingei 2013).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Area
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2003-2005
|
|
|
|
|Present
|Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2012-2013
|
|
|
|
|
|Present
|
|Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary
|
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Ikfuingei 2013
|survey effort: 1005.19 km in 268 days
|
|
|}
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Livestock farming and herding, agricultural activities and hunting are the main human pressures within the sanctuary (Ikfuingei 2013). Domestic animals (cattle, goats, sheep and horses) are common on the grassland patches within the sanctuary (Ikfuingei 2013). Wire snares have been recorded mainly around the Kenchi-Alumfa section of the sanctuary, coinciding with the core area for gorillas (Ikfuingei 2013).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|
|Eight farming communities and ca. 2,600 people live around the base of the mountain (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009).
|
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|During a 2012-2013 survey, the encounter rate of farming was 0.027/km (Ikfuingei 2013).
|Active farms with annual crops have been recorded on the Kenchi section of the sanctuary (Ikfuingei 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|
|
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|
|High
|
|During a 2012-2013 survey, the presence of domestic stock had an encounter rate of 0.35/km (Ikfuingei 2013).
|
|Cattle herding on grassland patches within the sanctuary (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009, Ikfuingei 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|
|Wire snares targeting other wildlife species in the sanctuary (Ikfuingei 2013). A local belief that gorillas are in fact humans has significantly protected them (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|
|
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|
|Traditionally, local communities enter the forest to gather non timber forest products (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009).
|
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities →
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|In 2009, two MINFOF Ecoguards were appointed. The entire sanctuary is patrolled by MINFOF Eco-guards (Ikfuingei 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|
|
|
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|
|Since early 2006 a greater effort has been made in patrolling and removing snares at the site (Ikfuingei 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|
|The Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary is the site of a permanent WCS Research Camp (Ikfuingei 2013).
|
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A study on gorilla nesting behaviour discovered that Kagwene gorillas are reusing nests sites (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009). Furthermore, 55% of night nests were constructed on the ground and 45% in trees. Significantly more arboreal nests were constructed in the wet season (69%), vs. the dry season (19%). Nest site reuse was common (35%), but not related to season (Sunderland-Groves & Mboh 2009). In 2012-2013, analyses of fresh and recent gorilla feeding found on trails showed that the most commonly eaten plant parts were pith (78.94%), fruits (7.11%) leaves (6.59%) and bark (6.47%) (Ikfuingei 2013). Gorillas feed on bark throughout the year (Ikfuingei 2013).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
===Relevant datasets===
= References =
= References =
Bergl, R. A., & Vigilant, L. (2007). Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology, 16(3), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03159.x<br>
Ikfuingei, R. (2013). Annual Report of Cross River Gorilla Ecological Monitoring at the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon Progress Report for July 2012 – June 2013. An unpublished report submitted to the Wildlife Conservation Society, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the World Wide Fund for Nature, and the Cameroon Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Edits; Andrew Fowler.<br>
Sunderland-Groves, J. L., Ekinde, A., & Mboh, H. (2009). Nesting behavior of Gorilla gorilla diehli at Kagwene Mountain, Cameroon: implications for assessing group size and density. International Journal of Primatology, 30(2), 253-266. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-009-9340-7 <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/04/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->