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Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area (view source)
Revision as of 06:42, 16 January 2020
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area, albeit at low densities.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1351 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area spans three Key Biodiversity Areas: Grand Kru Southwest, -Northwest-, and the -Northeast forest blocks.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
This area preserves the only remaining location in Liberia that preserves an undeveloped corridor connecting the coastal environment with the interior wet evergreen forest (mix of primary and secondary forest and coastal marshes). It contains an important section of the upper Dugbe River watershed and tributaries (Yaza and Sinoe Creeks). The area contains approximately 40 kilometers of Atlantic Ocean coastline, and estuaries. It is known to support important populations of the vulnerable forest elephant ''Loxodonta africana'', zebra duiker ''Cephalophus zebra'', and pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'', as well as the endangered Upper Guinea red colobus ''Piliocolobus badius'' (Johnson 2015).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1351 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|4.87 N , -8.54 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Forest Vegetation Above High Tide Level
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No information about surveys in this area could be found. Tweh and colleagues (2014) surveyed two line transects in Grand-Kru River Gee Proposed Protected Area, however, they did not find chimpanzee nests or other signs of their presence (Junker unpubl. data). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees probably only occur at (very) low densities in this area. Further analysis of the nationwide dataset revealed that Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area was not located in a conservation priority area in terms of chimpanzee density, and mammal and tree diversity (Junker et al. 2015). Interview surveys showed that many villages near Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area do not practice taboos against the killing or eating of chimpanzees (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|
|
|Likely to be present
|Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015
|Only 2 line transects surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey, teams surveyed two line transects and recces inside Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area and encountered high amounts of hunting signs. The teams also did not find any large mammal tracks, except of humans ''Homo sapiens''. They also found signs of artisanal mining (Junker unpubl. data). A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL), Mineral Exploration Agreements (MEA), and Mineral Development Agreements (MDA) by various companies (Johnson 2015). It is unclear if/when mining activities will commence in the area. Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permits (PUPs) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). Additionally, the site also overlaps with a Proposed Forestry Concession (Junker et al. 2015). However, it is not clear if/when logging activities will commence.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|High
|
|Mining for gold and other minerals (Johnson 2015), artisanal mining (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|High
|
|Nationwide survey teams found many empty cartridges and snares and no large mammal tracks except of humans (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|High
|
|Area overlapped with Private-Use Permits, which have been withdrawn and with a Proposed Forestry Concession
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Global Witness. 2013. Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are likely to be present in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area, albeit at low densities.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1351 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area spans three Key Biodiversity Areas: Grand Kru Southwest, -Northwest-, and the -Northeast forest blocks.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
This area preserves the only remaining location in Liberia that preserves an undeveloped corridor connecting the coastal environment with the interior wet evergreen forest (mix of primary and secondary forest and coastal marshes). It contains an important section of the upper Dugbe River watershed and tributaries (Yaza and Sinoe Creeks). The area contains approximately 40 kilometers of Atlantic Ocean coastline, and estuaries. It is known to support important populations of the vulnerable forest elephant ''Loxodonta africana'', zebra duiker ''Cephalophus zebra'', and pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'', as well as the endangered Upper Guinea red colobus ''Piliocolobus badius'' (Johnson 2015).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|1351 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|4.87 N , -8.54 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Forest Vegetation Above High Tide Level
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No information about surveys in this area could be found. Tweh and colleagues (2014) surveyed two line transects in Grand-Kru River Gee Proposed Protected Area, however, they did not find chimpanzee nests or other signs of their presence (Junker unpubl. data). The nationwide chimpanzee abundance model published by Junker et al. (2015) suggests that chimpanzees probably only occur at (very) low densities in this area. Further analysis of the nationwide dataset revealed that Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area was not located in a conservation priority area in terms of chimpanzee density, and mammal and tree diversity (Junker et al. 2015). Interview surveys showed that many villages near Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area do not practice taboos against the killing or eating of chimpanzees (Junker unpubl. data).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|
|
|Likely to be present
|Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area
|Model estimate
|Junker et al. 2015
|Only 2 line transects surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
During the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey, teams surveyed two line transects and recces inside Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area and encountered high amounts of hunting signs. The teams also did not find any large mammal tracks, except of humans ''Homo sapiens''. They also found signs of artisanal mining (Junker unpubl. data). A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL), Mineral Exploration Agreements (MEA), and Mineral Development Agreements (MDA) by various companies (Johnson 2015). It is unclear if/when mining activities will commence in the area. Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permits (PUPs) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness (Global Witness 2013) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded (Johnson 2015). Additionally, the site also overlaps with a Proposed Forestry Concession (Junker et al. 2015). However, it is not clear if/when logging activities will commence.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & Quarrying
|High
|
|Mining for gold and other minerals (Johnson 2015), artisanal mining (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals
|High
|
|Nationwide survey teams found many empty cartridges and snares and no large mammal tracks except of humans (Junker unpubl. data)
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
|High
|
|Area overlapped with Private-Use Permits, which have been withdrawn and with a Proposed Forestry Concession
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
No conservation activities have been reported for the site.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Grand Kru-River Gee Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Global Witness. 2013. Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.<br>
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Boesch C, Freeman T, Mundry R, Stephens C, Kühl HS. 2015. Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. Basic and Applied Ecology: doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002.<br>
Tweh C, Lormie M, Kouakou CY, Hillers A, Kühl HS, Junker J, et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191.<br>
Wilson STK, Wang H, Kabenge M, Qi X. 2017. The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 18711–18720.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 23/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>