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Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area (view source)
Revision as of 08:54, 16 January 2020
, 08:54, 16 January 2020Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING Site INFORMATION - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images - Text paragraphs and images a..."
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area.
* It has been estimated that more than 60 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 238.13 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are.
* The chimpanzees on Marshall Island depend on a team of caretakers for survival, as there is no food or fresh water on the islands.
* Margibi Mangrove forms part of a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) spanning Kpelle Forest and Lorma National Forest.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area is an important mangrove area and estuary of the Junk and Farmington Rivers, Margibi Mangrove is home to the Liberia Chimpanzee Colony (Johnson 2015). The area has approximately 35 kilometers of Atlantic coastline. The six islands on the wetland have been used by New York Blood Center (NYBC) who established a chimpanzee virus laboratory in West Africa in 1974. One of the purposes of VILAB II, at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research in Robertsfield, Liberia, was to develop the hepatitis B vaccine in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were captured from various parts of West Africa and brought to [http://aaccliberia.blogspot.com/2013/02/climate-change-impact-on-marshall.html VILAB]. When the lab closed down in 2005, the remaining chimpanzees were released on islands in Marshall Wetland. Currently, more 60 chimpanzees inhabit the islands. Their originals carers, many of whom have worked with the chimps since the 1970s, were paid to take them food and water every other day. Then, at the height of the Ebola epidemic in 2014, the caretakers stopped going to the island and the apes began to starve. In 2015, the Humane Society decided to take on the care of the chimps and in 2017 the NYBC pledged £5million to pay for their future food and medical needs.
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|238.13 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|6.12 N, -10.31 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No information was found about how many chimpanzees were initially released on the islands. Apparently, 63 chimpanzees currently still inhabit the islands. They are taken care of by staff of the Humane Society, financed by the NYBC after much public outcry in 2015, when NYBCs original funding to care for the released lab chimpanzees ran out [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4342004/Chimps-left-starve-monkey-island-thriving.html Mail Online].
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017
|63
|
|
|Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area
|Full count
|Mail Online 2017
|Chimpanzees introduced into non-inhabited habitat on islands on the Liberian coast
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The chimpanzees who are trapped on the islands (which is artificial habitat for them) depend on humans to bring them food and drinking water on a daily basis for survival. If funding ends or if there is nobody taking care of them, they will die of thirst or starve to death.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Although chimpanzee reintroduction/translocation and rehabilitation are conservation activities listed for primates (Junker et al. 2017), we refrain from listing the release of the Liberian laboratory chimpanzees on Marshall islands as a conservation activity, as this was a way for the NYBC to allow these chimpanzees to “retire” from the invasive research that was done on them in the center for more than 30 years. It was not conservation activity per se.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Orth L, Kühl H S, Smith R K, Sutherland W J 2017. Primate Conservation: Global Evidence for the Effects of Interventions. University of Cambridge.<br>
Mail Online. 2017. Hand of friendship: Chimps left to starve on monkey island by health research company are thriving after volunteers canoe in to feed them bananas and coconuts. Online: [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4342004/Chimps-left-starve-monkey-island-thriving.html www.dailymail.co.uk]<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 25/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area.
* It has been estimated that more than 60 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 238.13 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are.
* The chimpanzees on Marshall Island depend on a team of caretakers for survival, as there is no food or fresh water on the islands.
* Margibi Mangrove forms part of a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) spanning Kpelle Forest and Lorma National Forest.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area is an important mangrove area and estuary of the Junk and Farmington Rivers, Margibi Mangrove is home to the Liberia Chimpanzee Colony (Johnson 2015). The area has approximately 35 kilometers of Atlantic coastline. The six islands on the wetland have been used by New York Blood Center (NYBC) who established a chimpanzee virus laboratory in West Africa in 1974. One of the purposes of VILAB II, at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research in Robertsfield, Liberia, was to develop the hepatitis B vaccine in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were captured from various parts of West Africa and brought to [http://aaccliberia.blogspot.com/2013/02/climate-change-impact-on-marshall.html VILAB]. When the lab closed down in 2005, the remaining chimpanzees were released on islands in Marshall Wetland. Currently, more 60 chimpanzees inhabit the islands. Their originals carers, many of whom have worked with the chimps since the 1970s, were paid to take them food and water every other day. Then, at the height of the Ebola epidemic in 2014, the caretakers stopped going to the island and the apes began to starve. In 2015, the Humane Society decided to take on the care of the chimps and in 2017 the NYBC pledged £5million to pay for their future food and medical needs.
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|238.13 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|6.12 N, -10.31 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Proposed Protected Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
No information was found about how many chimpanzees were initially released on the islands. Apparently, 63 chimpanzees currently still inhabit the islands. They are taken care of by staff of the Humane Society, financed by the NYBC after much public outcry in 2015, when NYBCs original funding to care for the released lab chimpanzees ran out [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4342004/Chimps-left-starve-monkey-island-thriving.html Mail Online].
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017
|63
|
|
|Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area
|Full count
|Mail Online 2017
|Chimpanzees introduced into non-inhabited habitat on islands on the Liberian coast
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The chimpanzees who are trapped on the islands (which is artificial habitat for them) depend on humans to bring them food and drinking water on a daily basis for survival. If funding ends or if there is nobody taking care of them, they will die of thirst or starve to death.
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Although chimpanzee reintroduction/translocation and rehabilitation are conservation activities listed for primates (Junker et al. 2017), we refrain from listing the release of the Liberian laboratory chimpanzees on Marshall islands as a conservation activity, as this was a way for the NYBC to allow these chimpanzees to “retire” from the invasive research that was done on them in the center for more than 30 years. It was not conservation activity per se.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
No information on impediments has been documented.
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Margibi Mangrove Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).<br>
Junker J, Orth L, Kühl H S, Smith R K, Sutherland W J 2017. Primate Conservation: Global Evidence for the Effects of Interventions. University of Cambridge.<br>
Mail Online. 2017. Hand of friendship: Chimps left to starve on monkey island by health research company are thriving after volunteers canoe in to feed them bananas and coconuts. Online: [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4342004/Chimps-left-starve-monkey-island-thriving.html www.dailymail.co.uk]<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 25/10/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>