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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Gba Community Forest]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Gba Community Forest.
* It has been estimated that 25 (CI: 12-52) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is increasing.
* The site has a total size of 80 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
* Conservation activities have focused on poaching patrols and supporting local farmers.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Gba Community Forest is located in the Proposed Protected Area of West Nimba, located opposite the East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR). The Community Forest is adjacent to ArcelorMittal Liberia Mines on the western ranges of Nimba. The Community Forest was established by an act of Legislature on October 9, 2011 by the Forestry Development Authority of Liberia. The Community Forest is a home to some of Liberia's protected species; some of which are of global concern. It is also a home to some endemic species of the northern Nimba forest landscape (Gbelee 2022).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| 80 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|
|-
|Designation
|Community Forest
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The 2010-2011 transect survey data for Gba Community Forest (c. 80 km2) estimated a chimpanzee population size of 17 chimpanzees (7- 39), with a coefficient of variation of 45%. The 2017 survey in Gba Community Forest estimated a population of 25 individuals (12-52) within the same area, with a coefficient variation of 37%. Both the 2011 and 2017 chimpanzee population size estimates have wide confidence intervals, making it challenging to understand chimpanzee population trends over the last c. 5 years (Kouakou & Campbell 2018). A total of nine individuals (five females and four males) were genotyped , including two individuals at Mt Gangra. The chimpanzee density estimated for Gba Community Forest is higher than the national average, which includes all protected and unprotected areas (Gbelee 2022). In addition, a rapid assessment was done in the ENNR, Blei and Zor forest in the east of Nimba forest. There is no baseline data on chimpanzees for ENNR which make it hard to estimate potential gains. Preliminary data suggest that there could be a chimpanzee population size of between 13 and 63 chimpanzees (Gbelee 2022).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|17 (7-39)
|
|
|80 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance)
|Kouakou & Campbell 2018
|A total of 51 transects of 1 km in length were included in the Gba Community Forest within a survey area totalling c. 80 km2 Transects were walked at a speed of between 0.5-1 km/hr to ensure sufficient time to search through the canopy to detect chimpanzees.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017
|25 (12-52)
|
|
|80 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance)
|Kouakou & Campbell 2018
|A total of 51 transects of 1 km in length were included in the Gba Community Forest within a survey area totalling c. 80 km2 Transects were walked at a speed of between 0.5-1 km/hr to ensure sufficient time to search through the canopy to detect chimpanzees.
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting animals using guns and setting traps along long fences to capture animals and doing large slash-and-burn farms in primary forest. Finally, the use of chainsaw to harvest logs for timber production (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Habitat destruction as a result of slash and burn is very high (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Poaching (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The AML - Biodiversity Conservation Program provide support to the Co-Management committee of the ENNR, the Gba Community Forest Management Body, Zor Community Forest Management Body and the Blei Community Forest Management Body for conducting law enforcement patrols and forest biomonitoring in their various respective areas (Gbelee 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.2. Provide nonmonetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|Under the AML - Biodiversity Conservation Program, we are providing support to over 850 local farmers involved in climate smart conservation agriculture in the landscape; mainly lowland/swamp farming (Gbelee 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Inadequate logistics to support law enforcement personnel ( forest rangers, community forest guards and frontline conservationists/eco-assistants); inadequate financial resources to support conservation activities. Most of the community people are yet to accept forest conservation as a priority that will improve their livelihood. Judicial support to law enforcement is limited in Liberia; specially to prosecute people found in illegal activities in the forests. Unavailability of environmental courts to prosecute violators of environmental and conservation laws.
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
|Gbelee 2022
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
As part of the last ESIA, chimpanzee baseline surveys were conducted in 2011-2012 in West Nimba (including Gba Community Forest) by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and Action pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité en Côte d’Ivoire (ACB-CI), in partnership with Conservation International (CI) (ArcelorMittal Liberia & Conservation International 2011). An additional study was conducted by Dr. Celestin Kouakou, Independent Consultant and Dr. Genevieve Campbell, The Biodiversity Consultancy in 2018.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
References Kouakou, C. & Campbell, G.; (2018). Chimpanzee baseline surveys in Gba Community Forest, West Nimba <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Forkpayea W. Gbelee''' Date:''' 19/12/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Gba Community Forest]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Gba Community Forest.
* It has been estimated that 25 (CI: 12-52) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is increasing.
* The site has a total size of 80 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.
* Conservation activities have focused on poaching patrols and supporting local farmers.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Gba Community Forest is located in the Proposed Protected Area of West Nimba, located opposite the East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR). The Community Forest is adjacent to ArcelorMittal Liberia Mines on the western ranges of Nimba. The Community Forest was established by an act of Legislature on October 9, 2011 by the Forestry Development Authority of Liberia. The Community Forest is a home to some of Liberia's protected species; some of which are of global concern. It is also a home to some endemic species of the northern Nimba forest landscape (Gbelee 2022).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| 80 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|
|-
|Designation
|Community Forest
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The 2010-2011 transect survey data for Gba Community Forest (c. 80 km2) estimated a chimpanzee population size of 17 chimpanzees (7- 39), with a coefficient of variation of 45%. The 2017 survey in Gba Community Forest estimated a population of 25 individuals (12-52) within the same area, with a coefficient variation of 37%. Both the 2011 and 2017 chimpanzee population size estimates have wide confidence intervals, making it challenging to understand chimpanzee population trends over the last c. 5 years (Kouakou & Campbell 2018). A total of nine individuals (five females and four males) were genotyped , including two individuals at Mt Gangra. The chimpanzee density estimated for Gba Community Forest is higher than the national average, which includes all protected and unprotected areas (Gbelee 2022). In addition, a rapid assessment was done in the ENNR, Blei and Zor forest in the east of Nimba forest. There is no baseline data on chimpanzees for ENNR which make it hard to estimate potential gains. Preliminary data suggest that there could be a chimpanzee population size of between 13 and 63 chimpanzees (Gbelee 2022).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|17 (7-39)
|
|
|80 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance)
|Kouakou & Campbell 2018
|A total of 51 transects of 1 km in length were included in the Gba Community Forest within a survey area totalling c. 80 km2 Transects were walked at a speed of between 0.5-1 km/hr to ensure sufficient time to search through the canopy to detect chimpanzees.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017
|25 (12-52)
|
|
|80 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance)
|Kouakou & Campbell 2018
|A total of 51 transects of 1 km in length were included in the Gba Community Forest within a survey area totalling c. 80 km2 Transects were walked at a speed of between 0.5-1 km/hr to ensure sufficient time to search through the canopy to detect chimpanzees.
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting animals using guns and setting traps along long fences to capture animals and doing large slash-and-burn farms in primary forest. Finally, the use of chainsaw to harvest logs for timber production (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Habitat destruction as a result of slash and burn is very high (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Poaching (Kouakou & Campbell 2018).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The AML - Biodiversity Conservation Program provide support to the Co-Management committee of the ENNR, the Gba Community Forest Management Body, Zor Community Forest Management Body and the Blei Community Forest Management Body for conducting law enforcement patrols and forest biomonitoring in their various respective areas (Gbelee 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.2. Provide nonmonetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|Under the AML - Biodiversity Conservation Program, we are providing support to over 850 local farmers involved in climate smart conservation agriculture in the landscape; mainly lowland/swamp farming (Gbelee 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Inadequate logistics to support law enforcement personnel ( forest rangers, community forest guards and frontline conservationists/eco-assistants); inadequate financial resources to support conservation activities. Most of the community people are yet to accept forest conservation as a priority that will improve their livelihood. Judicial support to law enforcement is limited in Liberia; specially to prosecute people found in illegal activities in the forests. Unavailability of environmental courts to prosecute violators of environmental and conservation laws.
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of trust and support from local communities
|Gbelee 2022
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
As part of the last ESIA, chimpanzee baseline surveys were conducted in 2011-2012 in West Nimba (including Gba Community Forest) by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) and Action pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité en Côte d’Ivoire (ACB-CI), in partnership with Conservation International (CI) (ArcelorMittal Liberia & Conservation International 2011). An additional study was conducted by Dr. Celestin Kouakou, Independent Consultant and Dr. Genevieve Campbell, The Biodiversity Consultancy in 2018.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Gba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
References Kouakou, C. & Campbell, G.; (2018). Chimpanzee baseline surveys in Gba Community Forest, West Nimba <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Forkpayea W. Gbelee''' Date:''' 19/12/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->