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Line 372: − + − + − + − Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf <br>+ − + − Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52. <br>+ + + − +
Outamba-Kilimi National Park (view source)
Revision as of 09:05, 17 January 2020
, 09:05, 17 January 2020no edit summary
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
* This site has a total size of 1,109 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, and habitat disturbance due to logging, cattle farming, and human settlements in the park.
* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by intentional burning for agricultural activities and hunting, and mining.
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
* Conservation activities at the site mainly focus on providing sustainable livelihoods, but the progress and status of these projects are unknown.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km2) and Kilimi (368 km2) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
Situated in the north of Sierra Leone, Outamba-Kilimi National Park is divided into two blocks: Outamba (741 km2) and Kilimi (368 km2) (BirdLife International 2019). In the 1980s, with support from the IUCN and WWF, Geza Teleki, a primatologist and conservationist, was a driving force behind the establishment of Outamba-Kilimi National Park, which was finally declared as such in 1995 (Brncic et al. 2010, Munro 2015). In addition to the western chimpanzee, the site is home to forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), Western red colobus monkeys (''Piliocolobus badius''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), leopards (''Panthera pardus''), and forest buffalos (Brncic et al. 2010). With at least 256 bird species, the site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/outamba-kilimi-national-park-iba-sierra-leone BirdLife International 2019]).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
|-
|-
| Coordinates
| Coordinates
|9.725154 N, -12.065119 W
|9.73 N, -12.07 W
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
The population size was estimated at 1,020 chimpanzees during a nationwide survey in 2010 (Brncic et al. 2010). Due to a lack of survey data, the population trend is unknown. Chimpanzee densities are higher in Outamba than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). Hunting signs are still present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Many villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
The export and trade of wild animals, especially chimpanzees, emerged as a lucrative enterprise in Sierra Leone in the 1920s (Munro 2015). Two prominent wildlife dealers, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Mansaray, exported approximately 2,000 chimpanzees in the 1970s alone (Munro 2015). After Outamba and Kilimi were proposed as game reserves in 1965, Franz Sitter intensified hunting to take as much wildlife as possible from these areas before they could be protected (Brncic et al. 2010). However, there are no signs of an ongoing chimpanzee trade.
Nowadays, the biggest threat to chimpanzees is habitat destruction caused by illegal mining and the intentional burning of areas. Hunting signs are present in both Outamba and Kilimi, indicating that poaching is an ongoing threat (Brncic et al. 2010). Villages are found within the park, especially throughout the Kilimi section of the park, where cattle grazing, farming, and timber extraction also occur (Brncic et al. 2010). In the Outamba section, larger areas seem to be unaffected by humans than in Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|Low
|
|
|The number of villages located in both sections of the park is increasing (Brncic et al. 2010)
|A number of villages is located in both sections of the park (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1. Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
|Low
|
|Small-scale subsistence farming and palm plantations (Kaiser pers. obs.)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present
|Present
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Low
|High
|
|
|Gold mining starting in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Illegal gold mining activities in Outamba (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|Unknown
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Timber extraction in the northern part of Kilimi (Brncic et al. 2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
|Medium
|
|Signs of dam inside park used for fishing activities (Kaiser pers. obs.)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8.2 Problematic native species/ disease
|Medium
|
|
|Unknown
|Widespread zones of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) that degrade the forest edge (Kaiser pers. obs.)
|Ongoing (2019)
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The site is a priority zone for the ([https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program]), which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The (https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project]) also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism. More information on conservation projects is lacking for this site.
Park guards funded by the government are stationed around the park to monitor and deter poaching and illegal mining. The site is a priority zone for the ([https://rmportal.net/projects/archive/steward-program STEWARD program]), which is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Forest Service / International Programs (USFS/IP) (WCF 2015). The (https://panverus.org/about/ Pan Verus Project]) also aims to address the needs of local communities and find ways to provide sustainable agriculture practices and alternative livelihoods, for example, through tourism.
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|Government funded park guards stationed around park to monitor illegal poaching and mining (Kaiser pers. obs.)
|
|Unknown
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011)
|The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) organized an awareness raising theater play, which toured around the site (WCF 2011); discussion and showing camera trap images (PanAfrican Programme)
|2010
|2010, 2016/17
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
|The site is a national park since 1995 (Munro 2015)
|Ongoing (2015)
|Since 1995
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme]) based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Outamba-Kilimi was a temporary research site for the [http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/english/team.php PanAfrican Programme] based at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Outamba-Kilimi National Park'''
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Algae scooping
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Ant dipping
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|Ant eating
|Kühl et al. 2019
|-
|-
|Stepping sticks
|Stepping sticks
= References =
= References =
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019. <br>
Alp, R. 1997. "Stepping-sticks" and "seat-sticks": new types of tools used by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Primatology, 41(1):45-52.<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. <br>
BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/07/2019.<br>
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112 <br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity, Science 363, 1453–1455<br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf <br>
Munro, P. 2015. Geza Teleki and the Emergence of Sierra Leone’s Wildlife Conservation Movement. Primate Conservation, (29):115-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0112<br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2011. Report on Education and Awareness Activities to improve the protection of wild chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa, undertaken by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/2010-Education_Ecotour_yearly-report_2010_April-2011.pdf <br>
Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). 2015. Baseline Assessment of Chimpanzee and Elephant Populations in the Mano River Union Countries – Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (2007-2014). Report online: https://www.wildchimps.org/fileadmin/content_files/pdfs/reports/STEWARD_Report_on_chimpanzee_and_elephant_Status_MRU_FINAL.pdf<br>
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'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team & M. Kaiser '''Date:''' 12/11/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
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