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Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area (view source)
Revision as of 04:03, 19 January 2020
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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area.
* It has been estimated that 388 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* This site has a total size of 2,981 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees include displacement due to a large hydroelectric project, hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and mining.
* The Bumbuna Conservation Area was established within the catchment area to protect some of the biodiversity. In addition, Loma Mountains National Park was established to offset the environmental impacts of the Bumbuna dam.
* The area features Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric power plant, which has been operational since 2009.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Situated in the central part of the country, the site contains Sierra Leone’s [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown first hydroelectric dam], supplied by the Seli river (Thompson 2010). The [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ power plant] has been in operation since 2009, and current plans of the project involve the construction of a second dam 30 km upstream from Bumbuna, at Yiben. The site is located at the base of the Sula Mountains and it is characterized by a forest savanna mosaic. In addition to the Western chimpanzee, the area hosts other endangered species, including pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Ganas-Sawaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|2,981 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|9.07 N, -11.72 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|None
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Savanna, Water Storage Areas
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Local communities have reported that the chimpanzee population is decreasing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Furthermore, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2018 indicate a population decline in the Bumbuna Conservation Area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Based on survey data collected in 2017-2018, it was predicted that the entire catchment area hosts approximately 388 chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The 2017-2018 survey was complemented by recce surveys, camera trapping, and genetic analysis (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|33-58
|0.44-3.6
|
|Home range of 4 chimpanzee communities (i.e., not the entire catchment area)
|Unknown
|Nippon Koei UK 2007 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|At least four communities present in the area
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017-2018
|30 (12-72)
|0.13 (0.06-0.32)
|
|Bumbuna Conservation Unit, and areas surrounding Bumbuna power plant and Yiben reservoir
|Line transects (Distance), index survey
|Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018
|Line transect survey effort: 79.5 km, reconnaissance survey, presence of 7 chimpanzee groups was confirmed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The Bumbuna hydroelectric project represents a major threat to the chimpanzee population in the area. The planned flooding of the inundation area will completely, or almost completely, reduce the home ranges of three chimpanzee groups, and four other groups ranging close the boundaries of the inundation area are also likely to be adversely affected (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The hydroelectric project also indirectly impacts chimpanzees. The displacement of some chimpanzee groups into the home ranges of other groups may lead to fatalities, due to the territorial nature of chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Displaced chimpanzees may also come into conflict with humans due to competition for the same resources (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Thus, in combination with the current rates of habitat loss and hunting, the development of the project puts an immense pressure on the chimpanzee population (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018; Nippon Koei 2005).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages are present in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, MoEWR 2010)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Presence of livestock in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Artisanal gold mining (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, Nippon Koei 2005)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|
|Footpaths, logging roads, and abandoned motor roads (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Hunting signs present (e.g., gun shells, snares, lookout platforms); in addition, interview data revealed that chimpanzees are hunted in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present
|
|Signs of logging, forest in the area is highly fragmented (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
|Present
|
|Fishing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High
|
|Displacement of chimpanzees due to flooding of inundation area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Bumbuna Conservation Area (BCA) is a small protected area (3,532 ha) that was established in 2008 with the aim of conserving some of the biodiversity in the reservoir area (MoEWR 2010; Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
However, the BCA was deemed insufficient to compensate for the adverse environmental impacts, and as an additional offset, the Loma Mountain Non-Hunting Forest Reserve was upgraded to national park, which is now called the [https://www.protectedplanet.net/loma-mountains-national-park Loma Mountains National Park] (MoEWR 2010). Furthermore, there is a lack of conservation activities in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|Bumbuna Conservation Area was established in 2008, however the number of chimpanzees has declined in the area due to habitat loss (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Thompson, F. 2010. Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown. Voice of America. Online: [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown www.voanews.com]<br>
Ganas–Swaray, J., Arandjelovic, M., Casado, N., Campbell, G., Garriga, R., Serckx, A. 2018. Primate and large mammal targeted surveys, Phase II Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam, Sierra Leone: Priority species. Final Report. Online: [http://www.selihydropower.sl/Content/documents/BBII%20Primate%20&%20Large%20Mammal%20wet%20and%20dry%20season%20Report%2008-08-2018_FINAL.pdf www.selihydropower.sl]<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah, Environmental Foundation for Africa. 2005. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 44 pp; Vol. 2: Environmental Impact Assessment, 299 pp; Vol. 3: Appendices, 364 pp.<br>
Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR). 2010. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Environmental and Social Management Project (ESMP).<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:''' A.P.E.S. Wiki Team '''Date:''' 02/09/2019 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
<br><br>
- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
1) Table structure cannot be changed
2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining".
-->
<!-- Please add information for this site -->
[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
* Western chimpanzees ([https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15935/17989872 ''Pan troglodytes verus'']) are present in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area.
* It has been estimated that 388 individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* This site has a total size of 2,981 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees include displacement due to a large hydroelectric project, hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and mining.
* The Bumbuna Conservation Area was established within the catchment area to protect some of the biodiversity. In addition, Loma Mountains National Park was established to offset the environmental impacts of the Bumbuna dam.
* The area features Sierra Leone’s first hydroelectric power plant, which has been operational since 2009.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Situated in the central part of the country, the site contains Sierra Leone’s [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown first hydroelectric dam], supplied by the Seli river (Thompson 2010). The [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant/ power plant] has been in operation since 2009, and current plans of the project involve the construction of a second dam 30 km upstream from Bumbuna, at Yiben. The site is located at the base of the Sula Mountains and it is characterized by a forest savanna mosaic. In addition to the Western chimpanzee, the area hosts other endangered species, including pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Ganas-Sawaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 1: Basic site information for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
|Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|2,981 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|9.07 N, -11.72 W
|-
|Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|None
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest, Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest, Savanna, Water Storage Areas
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
<br>
= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Local communities have reported that the chimpanzee population is decreasing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Furthermore, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2018 indicate a population decline in the Bumbuna Conservation Area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Based on survey data collected in 2017-2018, it was predicted that the entire catchment area hosts approximately 388 chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The 2017-2018 survey was complemented by recce surveys, camera trapping, and genetic analysis (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 2: Great ape population estimates in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006
|33-58
|0.44-3.6
|
|Home range of 4 chimpanzee communities (i.e., not the entire catchment area)
|Unknown
|Nippon Koei UK 2007 as cited by Brncic et al. 2010
|At least four communities present in the area
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2017-2018
|30 (12-72)
|0.13 (0.06-0.32)
|
|Bumbuna Conservation Unit, and areas surrounding Bumbuna power plant and Yiben reservoir
|Line transects (Distance), index survey
|Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018
|Line transect survey effort: 79.5 km, reconnaissance survey, presence of 7 chimpanzee groups was confirmed
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The Bumbuna hydroelectric project represents a major threat to the chimpanzee population in the area. The planned flooding of the inundation area will completely, or almost completely, reduce the home ranges of three chimpanzee groups, and four other groups ranging close the boundaries of the inundation area are also likely to be adversely affected (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). The hydroelectric project also indirectly impacts chimpanzees. The displacement of some chimpanzee groups into the home ranges of other groups may lead to fatalities, due to the territorial nature of chimpanzees (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Displaced chimpanzees may also come into conflict with humans due to competition for the same resources (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018). Thus, in combination with the current rates of habitat loss and hunting, the development of the project puts an immense pressure on the chimpanzee population (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018; Nippon Koei 2005).
'''Table 3: Threats to great apes in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present
|
|Villages are present in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, MoEWR 2010)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High
|
|Presence of livestock in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present
|
|Artisanal gold mining (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018, Nippon Koei 2005)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|
|Footpaths, logging roads, and abandoned motor roads (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Hunting signs present (e.g., gun shells, snares, lookout platforms); in addition, interview data revealed that chimpanzees are hunted in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present
|
|Signs of logging, forest in the area is highly fragmented (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|
|5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
|Present
|
|Fishing in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High
|
|Displacement of chimpanzees due to flooding of inundation area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
The Bumbuna Conservation Area (BCA) is a small protected area (3,532 ha) that was established in 2008 with the aim of conserving some of the biodiversity in the reservoir area (MoEWR 2010; Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
However, the BCA was deemed insufficient to compensate for the adverse environmental impacts, and as an additional offset, the Loma Mountain Non-Hunting Forest Reserve was upgraded to national park, which is now called the [https://www.protectedplanet.net/loma-mountains-national-park Loma Mountains National Park] (MoEWR 2010). Furthermore, there is a lack of conservation activities in the area (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018).
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|Bumbuna Conservation Area was established in 2008, however the number of chimpanzees has declined in the area due to habitat loss (Ganas-Swaray et al. 2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
No information on research activities has been documented.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Great ape behaviors reported for Bumbuna Dam Catchment Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|}
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
<br>
= References =
Thompson, F. 2010. Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown. Voice of America. Online: [https://www.voanews.com/africa/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-freetown www.voanews.com]<br>
Ganas–Swaray, J., Arandjelovic, M., Casado, N., Campbell, G., Garriga, R., Serckx, A. 2018. Primate and large mammal targeted surveys, Phase II Bumbuna Hydroelectric Dam, Sierra Leone: Priority species. Final Report. Online: [http://www.selihydropower.sl/Content/documents/BBII%20Primate%20&%20Large%20Mammal%20wet%20and%20dry%20season%20Report%2008-08-2018_FINAL.pdf www.selihydropower.sl]<br>
Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br>
Nippon Koei UK, BMT Cordah, Environmental Foundation for Africa. 2005. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 44 pp; Vol. 2: Environmental Impact Assessment, 299 pp; Vol. 3: Appendices, 364 pp.<br>
Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR). 2010. Bumbuna Hydroelectric Environmental and Social Management Project (ESMP).<br>
<br>
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