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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − = Site characteristics = − − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.+ + − + − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> + + − = Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->+ − − − − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). − − − − − + − + − + Line 72:
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Line 73: + + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + + + − + − + − | − | + + − + − + − | − | − + Line 122:
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Line 179: + + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+ − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + − + − | − + − + Line 270:
Line 258: + − + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities. − − − − − − − + − + − − − − − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − + − + − + − + − + − ===Relevant datasets===+ − − − <br> − − + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
Muong La Watershed Protection Forest (view source)
Revision as of 05:53, 17 April 2023
, 05:53, 17 April 2023no edit summary
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
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3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) Keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. A link to the keyword list page is found adjacent
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[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Muong La Watershed Protection Forest]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|~[[Muong La Watershed Protection Forest]]~Western black crested gibbons
* Ape taxa present
}}
* Ape population size
</div>
* Ape population trend
* Western black crested gibbons (''Nomascus concolor'') are present in Muong La Watershed Protection Forest.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* A minimum population of 6 groups was confirmed in 2010.
* Key threats to apes are ...
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* Additional information
* The site has a total size of 30 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are hunting, and habitat encroachment and degradation.
* Conservation activities have focused on gun confiscation and community-based patrols supported by FFI.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in Muong La District, Son La Province, Vietnam.
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|30 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|watershed protection forest
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The N. concolor population in Muong La Watershed Protection Forest was surveyed four times between 2000 and 2010, at the same time as surveys in Mu Cang Chai SHCA (Rawson et al. 2011). A 2010 survey recorded at least six gibbon groups and a minimum of 12 individuals, within a population of 20 groups including those in Mu Cang Chai SHCA (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010). This is significantly less than in 2008 (also six groups but with >17 individuals) and 2007 and 2006 (14 groups with >43 individuals), suggesting a decline (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Area
! Method
! Method
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Nomascus concolor''
|2010
|12
|6
|
|
|
|Muong La Watershed Protection Forest
|
|Fixed-point triangulation
|
|Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010
|
|
|
|
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting has been the main threat to gibbons at the site since the mid-2000s and it continues (Rawson et al. 2011). In January 2010 a hunter shot one male gibbon and sold it to a wildlife trader in Muong La Town for VND 1,800,000 (about US$ 90) and in September 2009, the same trader purchased two gibbon skins and skeletons from hunters (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010). The forest has been extensively logged for high value timber species such as ''Fokienia hodginsii'' both legally and illegally (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010). The watershed forest has also been cleared for agriculture and rubber plantations.
Hydropower development has led to forest clearance in the inundation zone and displacement of communities, which have been resettled in forest areas, causing further forest loss for agriculture and home construction. In addition, due to a lack of productive agricultural land many displaced people have turned to illegal logging as an income source (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|High
|
|
|
|Housing construction due to displacement of communities due to dam construction (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|
|
|Forest cleared for agriculture and rubber plantations (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|
|Hunting with guns (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|
|
|Legal and illegal selective logging for ''Fokienia hodginsii'' and clearance for agriculture (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High
|
|
|
|Hydropower development has led to forest clearance in the inundation zone and displacement of communities, ultimately negatively impacting gibbon habitat (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
FFI established a community-based gibbon monitoring group in Muong La in 2004, similar to the model in Mu Cang Chai. These patrols continued until 2007 due to the end of project funding. In 2005, a gun confiscation and awareness campaign was conducted (1,800 guns were confiscated). The results of the gibbon survey in 2006 seemed to indicate that these conservation interventions were successful, although why it should be so with less intervention than in Mu Cang Chai remains unclear (Swan unpublished data; Rawson et al. 2011). A steep decline then appears to have occurred from 2007 when patrolling ceased and increased migration to the area occurred due to the hydropower development. The patrol group was re-established by FFI in 2010, but pressures remain high (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|
|Community-based patrol (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|
|
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Lack of law enforcement
|
|Rawson et al. 2011
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Muong La Watershed Protection Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
[https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/old-images/2010-MCC-ML-Gibbon-census-report_EN.pdf]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam. <br>
Le Trong Dat, and Le Minh Phong. 2010. 2010 census of western black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor in Mu Cang Chai Species/Habitat Conservation Area (Yen Bai Province) and adjacent forests in Muong La District (Son La Province). Fauna & Flora International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 17/04/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->