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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − - Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images+ − + − + − − − − to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining", − rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". + − [[Region]] > [[Country]] > [[Site]]+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − = Site characteristics = − − This section includes a paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, a brief history of the site and on animals and plants that are known to occur at the site.+ + + − + − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − <br> − − − − = Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results --> − − − − This section includes a brief summary of the survey history, the most recent abundance estimate, date of the estimate, and, if available, the population trend (if explicitely stated in a report/paper). + + − + − + − + − + Line 72:
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Line 74: + − This sections describes threats at the site, particularly those relevant for apes and thereby provides context for the threats listed in the table below.+ − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 107:
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Line 180: + + + − = Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+ − − − This sections describes conservation interventions implemented at the site, including information on which organizations are implementing them and thereby provides context for the conservation activities listed in the table below. − − − − − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 270:
Line 260: + + − = Impediments = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->+ − + − + − Description of impediments that may hamper conservation activities.+ − + − + − + − − − − + − + − − − − − Short description of past and ongoing research activities at the site. − + − + − + − + − + − ===Relevant datasets===+ − − − <br> − − + + − + − − <i>Please consider whether any information you would like to add is sensitive and could be misused to harm apes. Please do not add such information. If unsure, you can contact the Wiki manager (contact details on start page) for clarification.</i> − <br><br>
Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area (view source)
Revision as of 05:54, 17 April 2023
, 05:54, 17 April 2023no edit summary
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[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|21.725966, 104.139148~[[Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area]]~Western black crested gibbons
* Ape taxa present
}}
* Ape population size
</div>
* Ape population trend
* Western black crested gibbons (''Nomascus concolor'') are present in Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area.
* This site has a total size of XX km².
* A minimum of 14 groups and 47 individuals were estimated to inhabit the site in 2010.
* Key threats to apes are ...
* The gibbon population trend is unknown.
* Additional information
* The site has a total size of 203 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are hunting and habitat degradation due to logging and agriculture.
* Conservation activities have focused on patrolling, awareness campaigns, and gun control.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation (SHCA) area was established in 2006. It is located approximately 30 km from the Mu Cang Chai town in the west of Yen Bai province, north-west Vietnam, in the southwestern part of the Hoang Lien mountain chain: from 21o 48'N to 21o 38'N, north to south, and 103o 56'E to 104o 10'E, west to east (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010). The protected area is located entirely within Mu Cang Chai District, which constitutes the most westerly protrusion of Yen Bai Province, bordered by Lao Cai Province to the north (Van Ban District), Lai Chau to the west (Than Uyen District), Son La to the south (Muong La District) and Van Chan District of Yen Bai to the east. The protected area is centered on Che Tao Commune, but includes surrounding areas of Lao Chai, De Xu Phinh, Pung Luong and Nam Khat communes along the north and eastern boundaries (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
The site is of very high conservation importance within the Hoang Lien mountain range . The Hoang Lien Mountains are particularly important for conifers, amphibians, reptiles and birds. In addition, the site is known for its population of western black crested gibbons and Indochinese grey langurs (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
'''Table 1: Basic site information for XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|
|203 km²
|-
|-
| Coordinates
|Coordinates
|
|21.725966, 104.139148
|-
|-
| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
|Designation
|
|Species and Habitat Conservation Area
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|}
|}
[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
Mu Cang Chai SHCA is the most important site in Vietnam for conservation of ''N. concolor''. The gibbon population in this protected area is one of the best documented in Vietnam. A census in spring 2010 recorded at least 14 groups containing a minimum of 47 individuals (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010), within a population of 20 groups including those in neighbouring Muong La District (Rawson et al. 2011). This is slightly higher than survey results in 2006, 2007 and 2008 (11 groups with >40 individuals). These data indicate the gibbon population is stable or has increased slightly in Mu Cang Chai in recent years, although previous declines between 2000 and 2006 were significant despite conservation interventions. In 2010, gibbon numbers were significantly lower than in 2000, when at least 23 groups were thought to be present within a total population of 39 groups. The methods used for gibbon surveys from 2006 to 2010 were similar, with full surveys across Mu Cang Chai and Muong La conducted in the springtime, so the results are directly comparable. A severe decline appears to have occurred during the first half of the decade, despite on-going conservation efforts at the time (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
'''Table 2: Ape population estimates in XXXX'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% confidence interval)
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Density estimate (per km²)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Area
! Method
! Method
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Nomascus concolor''
|2010
|47
|14
|
|
|
|Mu Cang Chai SHCA
|
|Fixed-point triangulation
|
|Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010
|
|
|
|
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Hunting is the primary threat to gibbons at Mu Cang Chai SHCA. Hunting intensity is thought to have decreased since 2003, following a gun confiscation and awareness campaign when 2,618 guns were confiscated. However, in 2010, the number of gunshots heard in the forest during gibbon survey days had increased (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010). Ongoing loss and degradation of gibbon habitats is due to selective logging for ''Fokienia hodginsii'' and clearance for cardamom cultivation, livestock grazing and agriculture. The use of chainsaws to collect timber has increased (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010), suggesting that efficiency and/or quantity of timber extraction in and near the protected area has increased (Rawson et al. 2011). Due to its remoteness, threats to this forest were less severe than other sites with N. concolor, but this will soon change with the completion of two new district roads, and the impending construction of two hydropower dams (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
'''Table 3: Threats to apes in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High
|
|
|
|Cardamom cultivation and other crops (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|
|
|Two new district roads, which link up with at least two villages partially enclosed by this horseshoe-shaped protected area (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|
|Gunshots heard during 2010 survey in spite of an awareness campaign and gun confiscation in 2003 (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High
|
|
|
|Selective logging for ''Fokienia hodginsii'' and clearance for cardamom cultivation, livestock grazing and agriculture. The use of chainsaws to collect timber has increased, suggesting that efficiency and/or quantity of timber extraction in and near the protected area has increased (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High
|
|
|
|Impending construction of two hydropower dams will cause further loss and degradation of gibbon habitats and increase access to the site for hunters and traders (Le Trong Dat & Le Minh Phong 2010).
|Ongoing (2010)
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|10. Geological Events
|10. Geological Events
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|11. Climate change & severe weather
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|12. Other options
|12. Other options
|
|
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Since 1999, FFI has worked at the site and promoted ''N. concolor'' as a flagship species for conservation. The decline in gibbons between 2000 and 2006 in Che Tao Commune occurred despite it being the focal location for FFI’s activities, which included a gun control programme, awareness campaigns, community-based patrols, livelihood initiatives in two villages, and community participation in zoning and establishing the protected area (Rawson et al. 2011).
From 2007, FFI has focussed on maintaining and strengthening the patrols, which are now directly managed by protected area staff, and developing the model for local stakeholder involvement in managing the protected area (Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
'''Table 4: Conservation activities in XXXX'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|
|Community-based patrol (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|
|FFI has conducted awareness campaigns (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|
|Protected area established with the participation of the community (Rawson et al. 2011).
|
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Although not entirely conclusive, the main reasons for the decline of gibbons between 2000 and 2006 were identified as a local propensity for hunting, weaknesses in the patrolling model, weak government support and unfocussed conservation interventions inhibiting effective responses to urgent and emerging conservation needs (Swan unpublished data; Rawson et al. 2011).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Weak government support
'''Table 5: Impediments reported for XXXX'''
|Rawson et al. 2011
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
!align="left"|Impediment <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
|-
|-
|
|Lack of law enforcement
|
|Rawson et al. 2011
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6: Ape behaviors reported for XXXX'''
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Mu Cang Chai Species and Habitat Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
!Source
|-
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
[https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/old-images/2010-MCC-ML-Gibbon-census-report_EN.pdf]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
Rawson, B. M, Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen Manh Ha, Van Ngoc Thinh, Hoang Minh Duc, Mahood, S., Geissmann, T. and Roos, C. 2011. The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation International, Hanoi, Vietnam. <br>
Le Trong Dat, and Le Minh Phong. 2010. 2010 census of western black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor in Mu Cang Chai Species/Habitat Conservation Area (Yen Bai Province) and adjacent forests in Muong La District (Son La Province). Fauna & Flora International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by:'''XXXX ''' Date:''' DD/MM/YY <br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 17/04/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->