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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|1.191402, 111.939060~[[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]~Northwest Bornean orangutan
}}
</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Ulu Sungai Menyang.
* It has been estimated that 200-270 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 430 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are hunting and potential habitat loss due to logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism, supporting livelihoods through a gaharu tree project, and supporting orangutans by planting fruit trees and palms that they feed on.
* Indigenous Iban longhouse communities are found in the site, where they have lived for centuries; through their knowledge and customs they have protected orangutans and other wildlife in the area.
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: forestUluSungaiM.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Ulu Sungai Menyang © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: longhouse.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Iban longhouse © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: sagopalms.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Sago palms for orangutans © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, Borneo. It is situated between [[Batang Ai National Park]], the border to Indonesia, and the Batang Ai lake, which is an artificial lake that was created as a hydroelectric reservoir. The site, which is now classified as a Conservation Area, was proposed as an extension of Batang Ai National park following a 2013 survey that documented a high density of orangutans in the area ([https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/sungai-menyang-conservation/ Borneo Adventure 2019], [https://batangai.sarawaktourism.com/ Sarawak Tourism]).
[[File: OrangutanUSM.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Female orangutan © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|430 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.191402, 111.939060
|-
|Designation
|Conservation Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, water storage area, plantations
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2012-2013
|115 (57-176)
|0.82 (0.41-1.26)
|
| Ulu Sungai Menyang landscape, 140 km2
|Marked Nest Count
|Pandong et al. 2018
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2023
|270
|
|
|Ulu Sungai Menyang Conservation Area
|Guesstimate
|Manggat Meringai pers. comm. 2023
|Manggat Meringai is the chief of the Manggat longhouse, located inside the conservation area
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Logging companies have been stopped by local Iban communities on multiple occasions (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low
|
|Some forest clearing occurs for agriculture, mainly rice cultivation. However, the Ibans allow for the forest to regenerate and the expansion of paddy fields is controlled (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. obs. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, severity is unknown
|
|Hunters come from outside towns and communities and target different wildlife, including orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Due to an abundance of feeding trees and protection from the local Iban longhouse communities, the orangutan population in the area is stable. WWF-Malaysia and the Forest Department Sarawak initiated a project in 2014 to support income generation for local communities through the plantation of native gaharu trees in degraded land. Gaharu trees are used for the production of agarwood, but the leaves can also be harvested and used for tea ([https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people WWF]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.12. Implement local no-hunting community policies/traditional hunting ban
|Local Iban communities do not hunt nor consume orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a Conservation Area.
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Other
|Planting of sago palms and fruit trees for orangutans (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= References =
Borneo Adventure (2019). 200 orangutan found living outside Batang Ai National Park. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023. Online: https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/orangutan-survey-menyang/ <br>
WWF (n.d.). Planting a future for orangutans and people. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023.Online: https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth''' Date:''' 15/09/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|1.191402, 111.939060~[[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]~Northwest Bornean orangutan
}}
</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Ulu Sungai Menyang.
* It has been estimated that 200-270 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 430 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are hunting and potential habitat loss due to logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism, supporting livelihoods through a gaharu tree project, and supporting orangutans by planting fruit trees and palms that they feed on.
* Indigenous Iban longhouse communities are found in the site, where they have lived for centuries; through their knowledge and customs they have protected orangutans and other wildlife in the area.
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: forestUluSungaiM.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Ulu Sungai Menyang © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: longhouse.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Iban longhouse © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: sagopalms.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Sago palms for orangutans © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li>
</ul></div>
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The site is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, Borneo. It is situated between [[Batang Ai National Park]], the border to Indonesia, and the Batang Ai lake, which is an artificial lake that was created as a hydroelectric reservoir. The site, which is now classified as a Conservation Area, was proposed as an extension of Batang Ai National park following a 2013 survey that documented a high density of orangutans in the area ([https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/sungai-menyang-conservation/ Borneo Adventure 2019], [https://batangai.sarawaktourism.com/ Sarawak Tourism]).
[[File: OrangutanUSM.jpg | 400px | thumb| right |Female orangutan © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|430 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.191402, 111.939060
|-
|Designation
|Conservation Area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, water storage area, plantations
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2012-2013
|115 (57-176)
|0.82 (0.41-1.26)
|
| Ulu Sungai Menyang landscape, 140 km2
|Marked Nest Count
|Pandong et al. 2018
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2023
|270
|
|
|Ulu Sungai Menyang Conservation Area
|Guesstimate
|Manggat Meringai pers. comm. 2023
|Manggat Meringai is the chief of the Manggat longhouse, located inside the conservation area
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
Logging companies have been stopped by local Iban communities on multiple occasions (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low
|
|Some forest clearing occurs for agriculture, mainly rice cultivation. However, the Ibans allow for the forest to regenerate and the expansion of paddy fields is controlled (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. obs. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, severity is unknown
|
|Hunters come from outside towns and communities and target different wildlife, including orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
Due to an abundance of feeding trees and protection from the local Iban longhouse communities, the orangutan population in the area is stable. WWF-Malaysia and the Forest Department Sarawak initiated a project in 2014 to support income generation for local communities through the plantation of native gaharu trees in degraded land. Gaharu trees are used for the production of agarwood, but the leaves can also be harvested and used for tea ([https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people WWF]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.12. Implement local no-hunting community policies/traditional hunting ban
|Local Iban communities do not hunt nor consume orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a Conservation Area.
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Other
|Planting of sago palms and fruit trees for orangutans (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= References =
Borneo Adventure (2019). 200 orangutan found living outside Batang Ai National Park. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023. Online: https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/orangutan-survey-menyang/ <br>
WWF (n.d.). Planting a future for orangutans and people. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023.Online: https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth''' Date:''' 15/09/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->