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- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
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1) Table structure cannot be changed.
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3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Bambidie Forestry Concession]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=240px | width=320px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=7 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
| 0.866667, 13.100000~[[Bambidie]]~Central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas
}}
</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bambidie.
* It has been estimated that 20 gorillas occur in the site.
* The Western lowland gorilla’s population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 13 km².
* Key threats to Western lowland gorillas are poaching, logging and roads.
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, provision of alternative livelihood activities to local populations, forest certification as “primate friendly” concession, and environmental education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bambidie is a forest concession that was logged for the first time in the early 1990s, and for the second time in 2013. The average exploitation rate for this second rotation was 1.01 trees/hectare (or 8.34 m³ / hectare). The concession is FSC certified and the company applies sustainable forest management practices. Several villages are included in the concession. Animal populations are relatively well preserved in the area. Key animal species found at this site are Western lowland gorilla, central chimpanzee, forest elephant, giant pangolin, and panther (Haurez et al. 2014, Haurez et al. 2016).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|13 km²
|-
|Coordinates
| 0.866667, 13.100000
|-
|Designation
|Forestry concession
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The last inventory followed two previous surveys, one carried out before the second rotation (January-July 2021) and the second 4-6 months after the second operation (March 2014). Comparison of the results of the three inventories shows a significant drop in gorilla density 4 months after the second rotation, and a significant increase in gorilla density between 4 months and 1 year after the second rotation. The density observed 1 year after the second rotation is not significantly different from the initial density (before the second rotation).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|20
|1.5
|0.88
|9 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Haurez et al. 2014
|
|-
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The main threat is subsistence hunting. However, the level of this threat is relatively low. The logging company has set up various processes to fight against poaching, and to limit the pressure of subsistence hunting.
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
| Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Low
|
|Presence of roads within the logging concession and presence of a national road (Haurez et al. 2014).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|Encounter rate of human signs: 0.094 signs/km
|All signs of human activities recorded.
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|
|Logging concession sustainably managed (Haurez et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.4. Reduce road widths
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.8. Re-use old roads rather than building new roads
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.4. Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.14. Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of wild primate meat
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.30. Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.31. Close non-essential roads as soon as logging operations are complete
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.35. Certify forest concessions and market their products as ‘primate friendly’
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.36. Provide domestic meat to workers of the logging company to reduce hunting
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|
| Ongoing(2021)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.3. Install billboards to raise primate conservation awareness
|
| Ongoing(2021)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
The financial resources of the company are dedicated to logging. The conservation of fauna is an obligation (in particular within the framework of the FSC), but remains a "non-priority" activity.
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
| Lack of financial support
|Haurez (pers. communication)
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Research activities carried out in Bambidie concern the impact of logging on western lowland gorillas, the impact of large fauna on forest regeneration (seed dispersal by gorillas, elephants), and hunting activities and their impacts.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|25.5
|26.6
|26.5
|26.8
|27.8
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|4053
|4123
|4127
|4211
|4214
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|38.5
|20.9
|18.4
|19.8
|17.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.7
|8.5
|8.6
|8.6
|9.6
|-
|}
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|6.5
|0
|5.5
|0
|3
|0
|16.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|9.5
|100
|11
|100
|9
|100
|12.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.08
|0.75
|0.66
|0
|0
|1.75
|1.77
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.46
|30
|0.4
|29
|0.45
|29
|0.39
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
Haurez, B., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., Tagg, N., & Doucet, J. L. (2014). Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(11), 2669-2687. <br>
Haurez, B., Tagg, N., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., & Doucet, J. L. (2016). Short-term impact of selective logging on a western lowland gorilla population. Forest ecology and management, 364, 46-51. <br>
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
'''Page completed by: ''' Barbara Haurez''' Date:''' 18/05/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Bambidie Forestry Concession]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=240px | width=320px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=7 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
| 0.866667, 13.100000~[[Bambidie]]~Central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas
}}
</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Bambidie.
* It has been estimated that 20 gorillas occur in the site.
* The Western lowland gorilla’s population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 13 km².
* Key threats to Western lowland gorillas are poaching, logging and roads.
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, provision of alternative livelihood activities to local populations, forest certification as “primate friendly” concession, and environmental education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bambidie is a forest concession that was logged for the first time in the early 1990s, and for the second time in 2013. The average exploitation rate for this second rotation was 1.01 trees/hectare (or 8.34 m³ / hectare). The concession is FSC certified and the company applies sustainable forest management practices. Several villages are included in the concession. Animal populations are relatively well preserved in the area. Key animal species found at this site are Western lowland gorilla, central chimpanzee, forest elephant, giant pangolin, and panther (Haurez et al. 2014, Haurez et al. 2016).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|13 km²
|-
|Coordinates
| 0.866667, 13.100000
|-
|Designation
|Forestry concession
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
The last inventory followed two previous surveys, one carried out before the second rotation (January-July 2021) and the second 4-6 months after the second operation (March 2014). Comparison of the results of the three inventories shows a significant drop in gorilla density 4 months after the second rotation, and a significant increase in gorilla density between 4 months and 1 year after the second rotation. The density observed 1 year after the second rotation is not significantly different from the initial density (before the second rotation).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|20
|1.5
|0.88
|9 sq.km
|Line transects (Distance) and index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Haurez et al. 2014
|
|-
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The main threat is subsistence hunting. However, the level of this threat is relatively low. The logging company has set up various processes to fight against poaching, and to limit the pressure of subsistence hunting.
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
| Absent
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Low
|
|Presence of roads within the logging concession and presence of a national road (Haurez et al. 2014).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium
|Encounter rate of human signs: 0.094 signs/km
|All signs of human activities recorded.
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|
|Logging concession sustainably managed (Haurez et al. 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.4. Reduce road widths
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.8. Re-use old roads rather than building new roads
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.4. Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.14. Inform hunters of the dangers (e.g., disease transmission) of wild primate meat
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.17. Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.30. Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.31. Close non-essential roads as soon as logging operations are complete
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.35. Certify forest concessions and market their products as ‘primate friendly’
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.36. Provide domestic meat to workers of the logging company to reduce hunting
|
|Ongoing(2021)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|
| Ongoing(2021)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.3. Install billboards to raise primate conservation awareness
|
| Ongoing(2021)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
The financial resources of the company are dedicated to logging. The conservation of fauna is an obligation (in particular within the framework of the FSC), but remains a "non-priority" activity.
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
| Lack of financial support
|Haurez (pers. communication)
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Research activities carried out in Bambidie concern the impact of logging on western lowland gorillas, the impact of large fauna on forest regeneration (seed dispersal by gorillas, elephants), and hunting activities and their impacts.
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|25.5
|26.6
|26.5
|26.8
|27.8
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|4053
|4123
|4127
|4211
|4214
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|38.5
|20.9
|18.4
|19.8
|17.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.7
|8.5
|8.6
|8.6
|9.6
|-
|}
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bambidie Forestry Concession'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|6.5
|0
|5.5
|0
|3
|0
|16.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|9.5
|100
|11
|100
|9
|100
|12.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.08
|0.75
|0.66
|0
|0
|1.75
|1.77
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.46
|30
|0.4
|29
|0.45
|29
|0.39
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bambidie AAC 2012.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bambidie Forestry Concession]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
Haurez, B., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., Tagg, N., & Doucet, J. L. (2014). Western lowland gorilla density and nesting behavior in a Gabonese forest logged for 25 years: implications for gorilla conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(11), 2669-2687. <br>
Haurez, B., Tagg, N., Petre, C. A., Vermeulen, C., & Doucet, J. L. (2016). Short-term impact of selective logging on a western lowland gorilla population. Forest ecology and management, 364, 46-51. <br>
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
'''Page completed by: ''' Barbara Haurez''' Date:''' 18/05/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->