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Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Central African Republic]] > [[Bangassou Forest]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|4.902833, 23.058449~[[Bangassou Forest]]~Eastern Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are likely absent in Bangassou Forest.
* The chimpanzee population is likely extinct.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 12,000 km².
* Hunting has been a primary threat.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bangassou is located in southeastern Central African Republic. The site is characterized by a blend of dense forest and savannah landscapes (Williamson & Maisels 2003, Williamson et al. 2004).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|12000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|4.902833, 23.058449
|-
|Designation
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, savanna
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
During December 2003 and January 2004, a swift assessment of large mammal and human activity was conducted in Bangassou. This preliminary investigation served as a preparatory step for an inventory of Bangassou, which had been chosen as a site for the CITES MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) program. Although the site has been considered to be at the limit of the chimpanzee range, no evidence of chimpanzees was found during the pilot study (Williamson & Maisels 2003, Williamson et al. 2004).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2003-2004
|
|
|Absent
|Bangassou Forest
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Williamson et al. 2004
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|The Bangassou forest has been heavily hunted and in risk of becoming an 'empty forest' (Varty 2005).
|Ongoing (2005)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|24.8
|26
|25.9
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2425
|2486
|2516
|2533
|2596
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|35.9
|35.8
|35
|37.4
|38.6
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.2
|9.2
|10
|10.4
|11
|-
|}
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|15
|0.44
|9.5
|0.58
|17
|0.34
|24.5
|0.67
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|62.5
|4
|70
|4.5
|68.06
|7.5
|80.49
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.16
|1
|0.69
|1.5
|0.56
|2.5
|1.49
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.65
|30
|0.65
|29
|0.64
|29
|0.66
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bangassou.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bangassou Forest]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bangassou.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bangassou Forest]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Varty, N. (2005). Central African Republic. World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, 314. <br>
Williamson, L., & Maisels, F. (2003). Bangassou Forest, Central African Republic Conservation Status, Large Mammals and Human Impact. Unpublished report to WCS/MIKE. <br>
Williamson, L., Bayogo, R., Guimiyessi, G., Ouangbao, P., Saboundou, A., Blake, S., & Maisels, F. (2004). Survey of elephants Bangassou, Central African Republic: conservation status & human impacts. Unpublished report to WCS/MIKE.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 15/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
No evidence of chimpanzees was found during elephant surveys in the Bangassou forest in 2004 (Williamson et al. 2004).
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Central African Republic]] > [[Bangassou Forest]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|4.902833, 23.058449~[[Bangassou Forest]]~Eastern Chimpanzee
}}
</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are likely absent in Bangassou Forest.
* The chimpanzee population is likely extinct.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 12,000 km².
* Hunting has been a primary threat.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Bangassou is located in southeastern Central African Republic. The site is characterized by a blend of dense forest and savannah landscapes (Williamson & Maisels 2003, Williamson et al. 2004).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|12000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|4.902833, 23.058449
|-
|Designation
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, savanna
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
During December 2003 and January 2004, a swift assessment of large mammal and human activity was conducted in Bangassou. This preliminary investigation served as a preparatory step for an inventory of Bangassou, which had been chosen as a site for the CITES MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) program. Although the site has been considered to be at the limit of the chimpanzee range, no evidence of chimpanzees was found during the pilot study (Williamson & Maisels 2003, Williamson et al. 2004).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2003-2004
|
|
|Absent
|Bangassou Forest
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Williamson et al. 2004
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|The Bangassou forest has been heavily hunted and in risk of becoming an 'empty forest' (Varty 2005).
|Ongoing (2005)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bangassou Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''1981-2010'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|24.8
|26
|25.9
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2425
|2486
|2516
|2533
|2596
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|35.9
|35.8
|35
|37.4
|38.6
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.2
|9.2
|10
|10.4
|11
|-
|}
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bangassou Forest'''
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
|
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|Crop failure
|15
|0.44
|9.5
|0.58
|17
|0.34
|24.5
|0.67
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|62.5
|4
|70
|4.5
|68.06
|7.5
|80.49
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.16
|1
|0.69
|1.5
|0.56
|2.5
|1.49
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.65
|30
|0.65
|29
|0.64
|29
|0.66
|-
|}
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bangassou.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bangassou Forest]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bangassou.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bangassou Forest]] </li>
</ul></div>
= References =
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Varty, N. (2005). Central African Republic. World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, 314. <br>
Williamson, L., & Maisels, F. (2003). Bangassou Forest, Central African Republic Conservation Status, Large Mammals and Human Impact. Unpublished report to WCS/MIKE. <br>
Williamson, L., Bayogo, R., Guimiyessi, G., Ouangbao, P., Saboundou, A., Blake, S., & Maisels, F. (2004). Survey of elephants Bangassou, Central African Republic: conservation status & human impacts. Unpublished report to WCS/MIKE.<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 15/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
No evidence of chimpanzees was found during elephant surveys in the Bangassou forest in 2004 (Williamson et al. 2004).